ArticlePloS one2024
Wastewater-based epidemiology surveillance as an early warning system for SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Methodological Approaches to SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance.Viruses · 2026Pooled it
- Recommendations for the analysis of leading indicators in epidemic surveillance.PLOS digital health · 2026Review
- Article
- A Practical Framework for Wastewater-Based Monitoring of Substance Use in Public Health Settings.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Insights Into Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Dynamics of Enteric Viruses in a Middle-Size City-Burgos, Spain-Using a Long-Term Wastewater Surveillance.Food and environmental virology · 2025Article
- Advancing Public Health Surveillance: Integrating Modeling and GIS in the Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Viruses, a Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 during a mass sporting event in the City of Cape Town, Western Cape.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) surveillance has been proposed as an early warning system (EWS) for community SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, there is limited data from low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to assess the ability of WBE surveillance to detect SARS-CoV-2 in formal and informal environments in Indonesia using different methods of sample collection, to compare WBE data with patterns of clinical cases of COVID-19 within the relevant communities, and to assess the WBE potential to be used as an EWS for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks within a community. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe conducted WBE surveillance in three districts in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia, over eleven months (27 July 2021 to 7 January 2022 [Delta wave]; 18 January to 3 June 2022 [Omicron wave]). Water samples using grab, and/or passive sampling methods and soil samples were collected either weekly or fortnightly. RNA was extracted from membrane filters from processed water samples and directly from soil. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the SARS-CoV-2 N and ORF1ab genes.
resultsA total of 1,582 samples were collected. Detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater reflected the incidence of community cases, with rates of 85% at the peak to 2% at the end of the Delta wave and from 94% to 11% during the Omicron wave. A 2-week lag time was observed between the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and increasing cases in the corresponding community.
conclusionWBE surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia was effective in monitoring patterns of cases of COVID-19 and served as an early warning system, predicting the increasing incidence of COVID-19 cases in the community.
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