ArticlePain2024
Development of PainFace software to simplify, standardize, and scale up mouse grimace analyses.
Article in Pain, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Artificial intelligence-based automated scoring of the mouse grimace scale: a systematic review.Pain reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Deep Learning-Based Quantification of Spontaneous Pain Behaviours in Mice.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- TRPV1-expressing neurons are dispensable for photophobia: evidence from a novel mouse light sensitivity assay.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Spontaneous Pain in a Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Mouse Model of Osteoarthritis Using the Mouse Grimace Scale.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Article
- Cancer-induced nerve injury unveils a sympathetic-to-sensory nerve axis in a mouse model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Tail-rattling in rodents: more than a threat display.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Cheese3D enables sensitive detection and analysis of whole-face movement in mice.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Efferent Inhibition of Hair Cells: Past, Present and Future.Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO · 2026Review
- Aromatase inhibitors induce pain-like musculoskeletal symptoms in mice: behavioural, pharmacological and pathophysiological characterization.British journal of pharmacology · 2026Article
- GrimACE: automated, multimodal cage-side assessment of pain and well-being in mice.Lab animal · 2026Article
- No evidence of immediate or persistent analgesic effect from a single dose of psilocybin in three mouse models of pain.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Evaluating the analgesic effect of metamizole in the mouse model for DSS-induced acute colitis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Neuropathic Pain and Related Depression in Mice: The Effect of a Terpene and a Minor Cannabinoid in Combination.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Sex-specific involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling for pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Pain reports · 2025Article
- Thalamo-hippocampal pathway determines aggression and self-harm.Science advances · 2025Article
- Preclinical perspectives on disorders of the temporomandibular joint: Tracing the past, navigating the present, and shaping the future.The journal of pain · 2025Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
Abstract
abstractFacial grimacing is used to quantify spontaneous pain in mice and other mammals, but scoring relies on humans with different levels of proficiency. Here, we developed a cloud-based software platform called PainFace ( http://painface.net ) that uses machine learning to detect 4 facial action units of the mouse grimace scale (orbitals, nose, ears, whiskers) and score facial grimaces of black-coated C57BL/6 male and female mice on a 0 to 8 scale. Platform accuracy was validated in 2 different laboratories, with 3 conditions that evoke grimacing-laparotomy surgery, bilateral hindpaw injection of carrageenan, and intraplantar injection of formalin. PainFace can generate up to 1 grimace score per second from a standard 30 frames/s video, making it possible to quantify facial grimacing over time, and operates at a speed that scales with computing power. By analyzing the frequency distribution of grimace scores, we found that mice spent 7x more time in a "high grimace" state following laparotomy surgery relative to sham surgery controls. Our study shows that PainFace reproducibly quantifies facial grimaces indicative of nonevoked spontaneous pain and enables laboratories to standardize and scale-up facial grimace analyses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.