Unseparated Temporal Muscle and Duramater Cranioplasty Methods Following Decompressive Craniectomy: Technical Note.

Objective: Cranioplasty (CP) is used to repair cranial defects after decompressive craniectomy. During this procedure, the temporal muscle can contract or retract toward the base and adhere to the scalp flaps above and/or below the dura. Several complications including functional and cosmetic problems can occur following CP. This study presents the technical notes and outcomes of CP. Methods: This retrospective observational study collect data of CP-procedures using unseparated muscle-dura technique performed at our hospital in 2019-2022. Technical note is presented regarding the lack of separation of the temporal muscles from the dura mater. A bone flap or titanium mesh was placed above the temporal muscle layer, which was still attached to the dura mater. Functional outcomes were evaluated using OHIP-14 Questionnaire to assess mastication quality. Results: Twenty-three patients were included in this study. Initial surgeries were mostly caused by trauma (65.2%). Most patients underwent autologous bone flap CP (52.2%), during which the bone flap was stored in either the abdominal subcutaneous pocket or cryoprecipitated. Only one patient experienced mastication problems after CP (p<0.001). Temporal hollowing remained a problem in this technique. However, dissection of the temporalis muscle to reduce temporal hollowing can cause facial nerve injuries and masticatory problems. Due to the lack of temporal muscle manipulation, our patients had minimal mastication problems. Conclusion: CP should be performed to improve functional and aesthetic outcomes. A CP technique with the temporal muscle unseparated from the dura mater can be selected to avoid damage to the muscle and mastication problems after surgery.