ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2024
Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: a scoping review.
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Ultraprocessed food intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Etiology of gene expression-based subtypes of breast cancer in the Ghana Breast Health Study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Natural menopause, menarche and breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers: a Mendelian randomization analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Regulation of the AKT/P53 signaling pathway by translated control tumor protein inhibits apoptosis and promotes hyperplasia of the mammary glands.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Childhood and Adolescent Factors and Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Adult Women in the Sister Study Cohort.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- The Immunoregulatory Roles of ERα in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Insights.Journal of cancer prevention · 2026Review
- Estrogen metabolism pathways in pregnancy and subsequent breast cancer risk: a prospective follow-up study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- A commentary on "Integrating clinical-pathological-MRI features to construct a prediction model for pathological complete remission of axillary lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy: a retrospective study".International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Pretreatment cardiometabolic risk in newly diagnosed breast cancer: a molecular subtype analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- The aetiology of breast cancer subtypes: results from the Million Women Study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Tumor biology and access to care and metastatic breast cancer outcomes.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Ligustilide: A Phytochemical with Potential in Combating Cancer Development and Progression-A Comprehensive and Critical Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Estrogen Metabolism Pathways in Pregnancy and Subsequent Breast Cancer Risk: A Prospective Follow-up Study.Research square · 2025Article
- Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in Ghanaian and US Black Women From 2013 Through 2015.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Adapting the BOADICEA breast and ovarian cancer risk models for the ethnically diverse UK population.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Early-Onset and Older-Onset Age Groups in the United States, 2010-2019.Cancer discovery · 2025Article
- Exogenous Hormones, Tumor Intrinsic Subtypes, and Breast Cancer.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Harnessing the Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreast cancer consists of distinct molecular subtypes. Studies have reported differences in risk factor associations with breast cancer subtypes, especially by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status, but their consistency across racial and ethnic populations has not been comprehensively evaluated.
methodsWe conducted a qualitative, scoping literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis, extension for Scoping Reviews to investigate consistencies in associations between 18 breast cancer risk factors (reproductive, anthropometric, lifestyle, and medical history) and risk of ER-defined subtypes in women who self-identify as Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latina, or White. We reviewed publications between January 1, 1990 and July 1, 2022. Etiologic heterogeneity evidence (convincing, suggestive, none, or inconclusive) was determined by expert consensus.
resultsPublications per risk factor ranged from 14 (benign breast disease history) to 66 (parity). Publications were most abundant for White women, followed by Asian, Black or African American, and Hispanic or Latina women. Etiologic heterogeneity evidence was strongest for parity, followed by age at first birth, postmenopausal body mass index, oral contraceptive use, and estrogen-only and combined menopausal hormone therapy. Evidence was limited for other risk factors. Findings were consistent across racial and ethnic groups, although the strength of evidence varied.
conclusionThe literature supports etiologic heterogeneity by ER for some established risk factors that are consistent across race and ethnicity groups. However, in non-White populations evidence is limited. Larger, more comparable data in diverse populations are needed to better characterize breast cancer etiologic heterogeneity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.