ArticleNature communications2024
Neurostructural subgroup in 4291 individuals with schizophrenia identified using the subtype and stage inference algorithm.
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Article in Nature communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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28citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Advances in Schizophrenia Subtyping: A Systematic Review of Machine Learning Applications in Neuroimaging.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Pooled it
- PTSD subtypes and their underlying neural biomarkers: a systematic review.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Gray matter subtyping with SuStaIn reveals neuroanatomical patterns in autism spectrum disorder.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- Neurophysiological subtyping of schizophrenia reveals a reproducible phenotype with temporoparietal circuit disruptions.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- The cross-site reproducibility of MRI morphometric phenotypes in psychiatric disorders.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Identifing two distinct cortical progression subtypes of Parkinson's disease through multimodal neuroimaging.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Subtyping psychotic disorders using a data-driven approach reveals divergent cortical and cellular signatures.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neuroimaging-Based Subgroups in Schizophrenia: A Critical Appraisal of Clustering Studies.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Putative glymphatic function and free water in schizophrenia: A 7T DTI study across psychosis stages.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Widespread synaptic density loss in schizophrenia follows molecular and network architecture.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Individualized cortical gradient and network topology reveal symptom-linked disruptions and neurobiological subtypes in schizophrenia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Longitudinal resting-state EEG-based modeling predicts phenoconversion and delineates heterogeneity in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder.Research square · 2026Article
- Distinct brain volume abnormalities in clinical high-risk individuals: pre- and post-antipsychotic treatment.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Data-driven schizophrenia subtyping via brain atrophy trajectories and functional connectivity.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Multi-organ AI endophenotypes chart the heterogeneity of brain, eye and heart pan-disease.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Deciphering the Heterogeneity of Schizophrenia: A Multimodal and Multivariate Neuroimaging Framework for Unveiling Brain-Symptom Relationships and Underlying Subtypes.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Distinct subcortical neuroanatomic profiles of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: structural magnetic resonance imaging study.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Mutualistic Multi-Network Noisy Label Learning (MMNNLL) Method and Its Application to Transdiagnostic Classification of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia.IEEE transactions on medical imaging · 2025Article
- Subtyping schizophrenia via machine learning by using structural neuroimaging.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- Temporal dynamic of cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a multimodal biomarker analysis using event-based modal and principal component analysis.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
107 authors.
Yuchao JiangInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7012-0559
Cheng LuoThe Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0524-5886
Jijun WangShanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Lena PalaniyappanDouglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-7182
Xiao ChangInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8076-8110
Shitong XiangInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-4714
Jie ZhangInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5016-9192
Mingjun DuanThe Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Huan HuangThe Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Christian GaserDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-099X
Kiyotaka NemotoDepartment of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-9829
Kenichiro MiuraDepartment of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3722-7837
Ryota HashimotoDepartment of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-4238
Lars T WestlyeDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-956X
Genevieve RichardDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6475-2576
Sara Fernandez-CabelloDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Nadine ParkerNORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8369-0152
Ole A AndreassenNORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
Tilo KircherDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany.
Igor NenadićDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0749-7473
Frederike SteinDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany.
Florian Thomas-OdenthalDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4912-8307
Lea TeutenbergDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany.
Paula UsemannDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany.
Udo DannlowskiInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Tim HahnInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-3795
Dominik GrotegerdInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8718-0128
Susanne MeinertInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2177-7161
Rebekka LencerInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4032-7297
Yingying TangShanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4705-3682
Tianhong ZhangShanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-7119
Chunbo LiShanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Weihua YuePeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1201-8465
Yuyanan ZhangPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0474-1135
Xin YuPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-4937
Enpeng ZhouPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China.
Ching-Po LinInstitute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Shih-Jen TsaiDepartment of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9987-022X
Amanda L RodrigueDepartment of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-6349
David GlahnDepartment of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Godfrey PearlsonOlin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA.
John BlangeroDepartment of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas of the Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-5723
Andriana KarukFIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2876-7268
Edith Pomarol-ClotetFIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
Raymond SalvadorFIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
Paola Fuentes-ClaramonteFIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
María Ángeles Garcia-LeónFIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
Gianfranco SpallettaNeuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7432-4249
Fabrizio PirasNeuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-5494
Daniela VecchioNeuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Nerisa BanajNeuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6317-8549
Jingliang ChengDepartment of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-329X
Zhening LiuNational Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
Jie YangNational Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
Ali Saffet GonulEge University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT Lab, Izmir, Turkey.
Ozgul UsluEge University Institute of Health Sciences Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey.
Birce Begum BurhanogluEge University Institute of Health Sciences Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey.
Aslihan Uyar DemirEge University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT Lab, Izmir, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-4260
Kelly Rootes-MurdyTri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) [Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University], Atlanta, GA, USA.
Vince D CalhounTri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) [Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University], Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-0747
Kang SimWest Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
Melissa GreenSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, SYD, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9361-4874
Yann QuidéSchool of Psychology, University of New South Wales, SYD, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8569-7139
Young Chul ChungDepartment of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
Woo-Sung KimDepartment of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
Scott R SponheimMinneapolis VA Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-0856
Caroline DemroDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Ian S RamsayDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Felice IasevoliSection of Psychiatry - Department of Neuroscience, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7051-5013
Andrea de BartolomeisSection of Psychiatry - Department of Neuroscience, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3188-5652
Annarita BaroneSection of Psychiatry - Department of Neuroscience, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-5683
Mariateresa CiccarelliSection of Psychiatry - Department of Neuroscience, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-414X
Arturo BrunettiDepartment of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
Sirio CocozzaDepartment of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-5160
Giuseppe PontilloDepartment of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-1890
Mario TranfaDepartment of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
Min Tae M ParkDepartment of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, TO, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-7432
Matthias KirschnerDivision of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-1439
Foivos GeorgiadisDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Stefan KaiserDivision of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Tamsyn E Van RheenenMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, MEL, Australia.
Susan L RossellCentre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, MEL, Australia.
Matthew HughesCentre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, MEL, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5057-5556
William WoodsCentre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, MEL, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-6105
Sean P CarruthersCentre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, MEL, Australia.
Philip SumnerCentre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, MEL, Australia.
Elysha RinginNational Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
Filip SpanielNational Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
Antonin SkochNational Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1739-3256
David TomecekNational Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
Philipp HomanPsychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-148X
Stephanie HomanDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1449-7508
Wolfgang OmlorPsychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Giacomo CecerePsychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Dana D NguyenDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Adrian PredaDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Sophia I ThomopoulosImaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Neda JahanshadImaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Long-Biao CuiDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-181X
Dezhong YaoThe Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-879X
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jessica A TurnerPsychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-8434
Theo G M van ErpClinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine Hall, room 109, Irvine, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-2797
Wei ChengInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1118-1743
ENIGMA Schizophrenia Consortium
Jianfeng FengInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. jffeng@fudan.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8890-8288
ZIB Consortium
Funding
ENIGMA-COINSTAC-APOE2 Functional and structural connectome protective mechanisms for Alzheimer’s disease and mood disorders: Request for supplemental funds for NIH R01:1R01MH121246R01MH121246 · NIMH · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI CALHOUN, VINCE D, TURNER, JESS · 2019 to 2023
$5.0MNIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121246
Abstract
Machine learning can be used to define subtypes of psychiatric conditions based on shared biological foundations of mental disorders. Here we analyzed cross-sectional brain images from 4,222 individuals with schizophrenia and 7038 healthy subjects pooled across 41 international cohorts from the ENIGMA, non-ENIGMA cohorts and public datasets. Using the Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn) algorithm, we identify two distinct neurostructural subgroups by mapping the spatial and temporal 'trajectory' of gray matter change in schizophrenia. Subgroup 1 was characterized by an early cortical-predominant loss with enlarged striatum, whereas subgroup 2 displayed an early subcortical-predominant loss in the hippocampus, striatum and other subcortical regions. We confirmed the reproducibility of the two neurostructural subtypes across various sample sites, including Europe, North America and East Asia. This imaging-based taxonomy holds the potential to identify individuals with shared neurobiological attributes, thereby suggesting the viability of redefining existing disorder constructs based on biological factors.
Indexed as
AlgorithmsGray MatterMagnetic Resonance ImagingSchizophreniaAdultBrainCross-Sectional StudiesEuropeFemaleHippocampusHumansMachine LearningMaleMiddle AgedNeuroimagingNorth America
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