ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Exosomes: the next frontier in vaccine development and delivery.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review on vaccine developmental approaches: Evaluating efficacy, and addressing challenges of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 era.Virus research · 2026Pooled it
- Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exosome-based vaccines in cancer immunotherapy: antitumor mechanisms, engineering strategies, and challenges.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology-Enhanced Vaccines for Respiratory Infections: Opportunities and Challenges.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity studies of glucose oxidase-loaded extracellular vesicles derived from lung cancer cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Engineering Anti-Tumor Immunity: An Immunological Framework for mRNA Cancer Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Bridging biology and therapy: translational advances of extracellular vesicles in veterinary clinical practice.Veterinary research communications · 2025Review
- Construction of a prognostic model for nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on serum exosomal circular RNAs and analysis of immune microenvironment.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Cross-Priming and Cross-Tolerance After Intramuscular mRNA Vaccination for Viral Infections: Feasibility and Implications.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Role of microRNAs and Cell-Free DNAs in Fungal Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The functional role of exosomalTranslational cancer research · 2025Article
- Strategic Advances in Targeted Delivery Carriers for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Advances in the Functionalization of Vaccine Delivery Systems: Innovative Strategies and Translational Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Beyond the Pandemic Era: Recent Advances and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against Emerging Variants of Concern.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Nucleic acid vaccines: innovations, efficacy, and applications in at-risk populations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Perspective on Comparative Therapeutics and Targeted Nanocarrier Application.Vaccines · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exosomes are small disk-shaped extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are naturally released into the environment by different types of cells. Exosomes range from 30-150 nm in size and contain complex RNA and proteins. They are widely found in body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine and breast milk and participate in cell communication by functioning as cell messengers. Almost all cell types can transmit information and exchange substances through the production and release of exosomes to regulate proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, the immune response, inflammation, and other biological functions. Because exosomes exist widely in various body fluids, they are easy to obtain and detect and have the potential for use in disease diagnosis and prognosis detection. Exosomes can be genetically fused with targeted proteins, enhancing their biocompatibility and immunogenicity. Therefore, exosomes are the preferred vector tools for vaccines. In this review, we describe the characteristics of exosomes and discuss their unique and ambiguous functions in the immune microenvironment after infection. In this regard, we explored the ability of exosomes to carry immunogenic virus antigens and to establish adaptive immune responses. Exosomes can provide an interesting platform for antigen presentation and since vaccines are a powerful method for the prevention of infectious diseases, we further review the advantages and disadvantages of the use of exosomes in vaccine preparation. Overall, exosomes are emerging as a promising avenue for vaccine development.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.