ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Cytokine Profiling in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS): Associations between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Disease Activity.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Metabolomics in Multiple Sclerosis: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Perspectives-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Selected Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- CSF Cytokine Network Organization Predicts Progression Independent of Relapse and MRI Activity in Multiple Sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- FGFs/FGFRs and neuroinflammatory diseases: mechanism, drug therapies and delivery systems.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
- Positive cerebrospinal fluid in the 2024 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis.EBioMedicine · 2025Review
- Refining Prognostic Factors in Adult-Onset Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review of Current Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing Neuroimmunology: Unraveling Immune Dynamics and Therapeutic Innovations in CNS Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Increased Expression of the Neuropeptides PACAP/VIP in the Brain of Mice with CNS Targeted Production of IL-6 Is Mediated in Part by Trans-Signalling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines regulate immune responses and are crucial to MS pathogenesis. This study evaluated pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the CSF of de novo diagnosed RRMS patients compared to healthy controls. We assessed cytokine levels in the CSF of 118 de novo diagnosed RRMS patients and 112 controls, analyzing relationships with time from symptom onset to diagnosis, MRI lesions, and serum vitamin D levels. Elevated levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, FGF-basic, and GM-CSF, and lower levels of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, G-CSF, PDGF-bb, and VEGF were observed in RRMS patients compared to controls. IL-2, IL-4, IL-12p70, PDGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and FGF-basic levels increased over time, while IL-10 decreased. IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, and PDGF-bb levels negatively correlated with serum vitamin D. TNF-α levels positively correlated with post-contrast-enhancing brain lesions. IL-15 levels negatively correlated with T2 and Gd(+) lesions in C-spine MRI, while TNF-α, PDGF-bb, and FGF-basic correlated positively with T2 lesions in C-spine MRI. IL-6 levels positively correlated with post-contrast-enhancing lesions in Th-spine MRI. Distinct cytokine profiles in the CSF of de novo diagnosed MS patients provide insights into MS pathogenesis and guide immunomodulatory therapy strategies.
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Registered trials
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