ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Direct Current Electrical Stimulation Shifts THP-1-Derived Macrophage Polarization towards Pro-Regenerative M2 Phenotype.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ternary mTOR-targeted conductive nanofibrous scaffolds with bioactive peptides orchestrate immune-metabolic-fibrotic balance for diabetic bone regeneration.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Human Macrophage Polarization Dynamics on a 3D Fibrous Polydioxanone Mesh In Vitro.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Immuno-engineered conductive hydrogels: Bridging neural signaling and microenvironmental remodeling for neural repair.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- A Dual-Bioresponsive and Programmable Microneedle Matrix as a Bioinspired Coupler for Orchestrating Diabetic Bone Regeneration.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Electroactive Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Mechanisms, Design Strategies, and Therapeutic Applications.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Advances in electrical stimulation-based therapeutic technologies for sarcopenia prevention and treatment.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- A Tailorable and Transferable Flexible Patch for Simultaneous Electrostimulation and Electro-Controlled Drug Delivery in Wound Management.Small science · 2026Article
- Progress in the application of conductive hydrogels in wound healing: a review.Nanoscale advances · 2026Review
- The role of medium-rough implant surface topography on macrophages polarization in age-independent manner.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Electrochemical modulation of host-microbe dynamics in wound healing.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Integrative neuromodulation in diabetic foot infections: electroacupuncture-driven macrophage reprogramming and synergy with antimicrobial biomaterials.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Translating physical stress into biological signals: precision electro-oncology based on conformational changes of electro-sensitive receptors and parameterized immune remodeling.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Quantum Mechanical Mechanisms in the Therapeutic Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation to Treat Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Quantum Computational Model.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and Applications of Conductive Biomaterials in Spinal Cord Injury Repair.Biomaterials research · 2026Review
- Healing of tendon-related diseases: insights from macrophage regulation.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Engineering functional electroconductive hydrogels for targeted therapy in myocardial infarction repair.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- Controlling Cell Migratory Patterns Under an Electric Field Regulated by a Neural Network-Based Feedback Controller.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Electroactive Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Innovative Approaches for Improved Skin Wound Healing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Electroactive electrospun nanoplatform combined with electrical stimulation modulates anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization for enhanced wound healing.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- In the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma microenvironment, autophagy genes are upregulated in pro-inflammatory macrophages and linked toFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A macrophage shift from the M1 to the M2 phenotype is relevant for promoting tissue repair and regeneration. In a previous in vivo study, we found that direct current (DC) electrical stimulation (EStim) increased the proportion of M2 macrophages in healing tissues and directed the balance of the injury response away from healing/scarring towards regeneration. These observations led us to hypothesize that DC EStim regulates macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype. THP-1-derived M0, M1 (IFN-γ and LPS), and M2 (IL-4 and IL-13) macrophages were exposed (or not: control group) to 100 mV/mm of DC EStim, 1 h/day for three days. Macrophage polarization was assessed through gene and surface marker expressions and cytokine secretion profiles. Following DC EStim treatment, M0 cells exhibited an upregulation of M2 marker genes IL10, CD163, and PPARG. In M1 cells, DC EStim upregulated the gene expressions of M2 markers IL10, TGM2, and CD206 and downregulated M1 marker gene CD86. EStim treatment also reduced the surface expression of CD86 and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Our results suggest that DC EStim differentially exerts pro-M2 effects depending on the macrophage phenotype: it upregulates typical M2 genes in M0 and M1 cells while inhibiting M1 marker CD86 at the nuclear and protein levels and the secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins in M1 cells. Conversely, M2 cells appear to be less responsive to the EStim treatment employed in this study.
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