ReviewFrontiers in transplantation2024
Immunosuppressive strategies in face and hand transplantation: a comprehensive systematic review of current therapy regimens and outcomes.
Review in Frontiers in transplantation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Experimental Swine Models for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation and Immunosuppression: A Systematic Review and Case Report of a Novel Heterotopic Hemifacial Swine Model.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2025Pooled it
- What are the functional outcomes of total laryngeal transplantation? A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Clinical Application of Topical Tacrolimus in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Reassessing Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Facial Transplantation: Where Are We Now?Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Cutaneous Malignancy Risk in Facial and Hand Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Recipients: A Review of Immunosuppressive Regimens and Their Oncologic Impact.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Vascularised Composite Allotransplantation: Emerging Applications in Reconstructive Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Chronic Rejection in Facial Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (fVCA).Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2026Review
- A Precisely Controlled Long-Acting Immunosuppression Platform Enables Prolonged Survival of Vascularized Composite Allografts.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Ten-year follow-up after face transplantation-A single-center retrospective cohort study.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2025Article
- Differentiation of acute versus chronic skin rejection in a rodent model of vascularized composite allotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A comparative analysis of lesional skin, sentinel flap, and mucosal biopsies in assessing acute face transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic profiling of cytomegalovirus infection in cardiac transplantation: proof-of-concept for a new strategy in tissue markers application.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Tracheal transplantation: lessons learned that may apply to lung transplantation.Current opinion in organ transplantation · 2024Review
- Lymph Node Inclusion in a Modified Osteomyocutaneous Allograft for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation: Establishment and Feasibility Assessment in a Pig Model.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Exploring Costimulatory Blockade-Based Immunologic Strategies in Transplantation: Are They a Promising Immunomodulatory Approach for Organ and Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation?Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Health care costs of major upper-extremity amputations in Ontario: a retrospective matched-cohort analysis with considerations for transplantation.Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgieArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Recipients of Vascularized Composite Allotransplants require effective immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. This systematic review summarizes the current body of literature on immunosuppressive regimens used in face and hand transplants while summarizing their outcome in terms of rejection, renal failure, and infections. Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies from 1998 until July 1st, 2023. We included all studies that discussed immunosuppressive strategies in face and hand transplant recipients according to PRISMA. Results: The standard triple maintenance therapy was mostly adjusted due to nephrotoxicity or high incidence of rejection. The most common alternative treatments utilized were sirolimus (25/91; 27.5%) or everolimus (9/91; 9.9%) following hand- and photophoresis (7/45; 15.6%), sirolimus (5/45; 11.1%) or belatacept (1/45; 2.2%) following face transplantation. Episodes of rejection were reported in 60 (65.9%) of hand- and 33 (73%) of face transplant patients respectively. Graft loss of 12 (13.2%) hand and 4 (8.9%) face transplants was reported. Clinical CMV infection was observed in 6 (6.6%) hand and 7 (15.5%) face transplant recipients. Conclusions: Based on the herein presented data, facial grafts exhibited a heightened incidence of rejection episodes and CMV infections. Facial mucosa adds complexity to the immunological graft composition highlighting the need of individualized immunosuppressive regimens and further research.
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