Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38992682›Full record

ArticleParasites & vectors2024

Human Babesia odocoilei and Bartonella spp. co-infections in the Americas.

Ricardo G Maggi, Ana Cláudia Calchi, Charlotte O Moore, Emily Kingston, Edward B Breitschwerdt

Abstract readCase Reports
In one paragraph

Article in Parasites & vectors, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Infectious diseases and childhood disruptive behavior disorders: a reappraisal.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026
    Article
  4. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  5. Human babesiosis: The past, present and future.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2025
    Review
  6. Repeated Detection ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Diversity of piroplasmids in wild animals in Brazil: a review.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2025
    Review
  11. Journal of central nervous system disease · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ricardo G MaggiCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7428-0138
Ana Cláudia CalchiDepartment of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV) - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-5937
Charlotte O MooreCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1173-6019
Emily KingstonCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Edward B BreitschwerdtCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, NC, USA. ebbreits@ncsu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3506-0279

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn recent years, Babesia and Bartonella species co-infections in patients with chronic, nonspecific illnesses have continued to challenge and change the collective medical understanding of "individual pathogen" vector-borne infectious disease dynamics, pathogenesis and epidemiology. The objective of this case series is to provide additional molecular documentation of Babesia odocoilei infection in humans in the Americas and to emphasize the potential for co-infection with a Bartonella species.

methodsThe development of improved and more sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques, as confirmatory methods to assess active infection, has provided increasing clarity to the healthcare community.

resultsUsing a combination of different molecular diagnostic approaches, infection with Babesia odocoilei was confirmed in seven people suffering chronic non-specific symptoms, of whom six were co-infected with one or more Bartonella species.

conclusionsWe conclude that infection with Babesia odocoilei is more frequent than previously documented and can occur in association with co-infection with Bartonella spp.

Indexed as

BabesiaBabesiosisBartonellaBartonella InfectionsCoinfectionAdultAgedAmericasFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMolecular Diagnostic TechniquesBabesia odocoileiBabesiosisBartonellaCo-infectionFatigueNeurologyZoonotic diseases

Identifiers

PMID38992682
PMCPMC11241936

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.