Macro- and micro-anatomical investigation of the oropharyngeal roof of landform greek tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca) and semi-aquatic red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans).

The present investigation examined the oropharyngeal roof of two turtles having different feeding behaviors: the landform Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca) primarily herbivores and the semi-aquatic red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) lives in freshwater that opportunistic omnivorous grossly and by scanning and light microscopes. Grossly, the Greek tortoise had a V-shaped roof consisting of the upper rhamphotheca, peri-palatine region, upper alveolar ridge, peripheral palatine ridge, median palatine ridge, vomer, choanae, caudal palatine part, and pharynx. At the same time, the red-eared slider had a semilunar roof consisting of upper rhamphotheca, two peripheral palatine ridges, core of palatine ridges, upper alveolar band, vomer, choanae, caudal palatine part, and pharynx. SEM revealed that the red-eared slider roof appeared more straightforward. The upper rhamphotheca is sharp, with a median premaxillary notch in the red-eared slider that gives a powerful bite for cutting to compensate absence of the teeth. Additionally, the red-eared slider's upper alveolar band is interrupted by a single upper alveolar ridge that appears spiky, pointed, and longer as it needs powerful chewing of prey and there are two types of teeth-like projections at its peri-palatine area for food-crushing and chewing. The Greek tortoise palatine region had numerous ridges and folds to provide roughness for food processing. Greek tortoises had small-sized choanae with two choanal folds to minimize choanal openings when eating dusty grasses. Histologically, Greek tortoise palate was rostrally thicker and more keratinized than caudally, and the caudal palatine region was characterized by a single pair of circumvallate-like papilla with multiple mucous openings and secretions, while red-eared slider palate was slightly keratinized at the peri-choanal region, and the rest of the palate was non-keratinized with few mucous openings. The current investigation found various structural oropharyngeal roof adaptations to feeding behavior in the omnivore red-eared slide compared to the herbivorous Greek turtle.