ArticleInternational journal of bipolar disorders2024
The influence of PER3 VNTR genotypes on the age of onset in a group of bipolar I disorder patients: an exploratory study.
Article in International journal of bipolar disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Qualitative Experience with an Adherence Promotion Intervention Among Individuals with Bipolar Disorder: What Is Helpful and Unhelpful?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Trial
- Stress Response During a Three-Month Follow-Up of a Historical Cohort of People with Cancer: Subjective Hyper-Energy and the DYMERS Framework for a Future Preventive Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Blunted niacin skin flushing response with subtype-specific clinical associations in adolescent bipolar disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Molecular Signatures of Blood Biomarkers in Depression: Gene Expression Analysis ofDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Evolutionary Balancing of Genetic Consequence and Innovation in Mammals Through Variable Number Tandem Repeats.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Review
- Reconceptualizing bipolar disorder through an integrative biological lens: synthesis, convergence, and emerging directions.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2026Review
- Assessing the Association Between Genetic Variants in ACE, SOD1, and PER3 and their Role in Breast Cancer Risk among Jordanian Women.Journal of Cancer · 2026Article
- Blue light treatment of psychiatric disorders: relationships with systemic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and clinical symptoms.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Designing and characterizing first Iranian study evaluating serum levels of lithium in patients for population pharmacokinetics (FIRELOLIPOP): baseline and first report.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundPER3 is a circadian gene that contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) which codifies for three genotypes: 4/4; 4/5; and 5/5 and is involved in non-visual response to light, a critical process associated with bipolar disorder onset. Benedetti et al. (Neurosci Lett 445(2):184-7) related this VNTR with bipolar disorder age of onset and linked genotype 5/5 with an earlier onset. In this study, we aimed to investigate these associations of PER3 VNTR genotypes with age of onset in a homogenous sample of German patients with bipolar I disorder through Kaplan-Meier curves.
methods45 patients were enrolled and divided into three groups according to PER3 VNTR genotypes. Recognizing common biological features, we built a combined group of -5 allele carriers (4/5 + 5/5). As a primary outcome, Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to delineate the three genotypes' influence on age of onset. The secondary Kaplan-Meier analysis aimed to evaluate the relation between the 4/4 homozygotes group and the combined group (4/5 + 5/5) with age of onset. Finally, we proceeded to compare groups through a Log Rank Test and performed an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
resultsThe Kaplan-Meier analysis with three separate genotypes didn't replicate the findings of Benedetti's study. The analysis comparing genotype 4/4 with the combined group showed the influence of PER3 VNTR variants on the age of onset and relates genotype 4/4 to an earlier onset. ANCOVA between the combined and the 4/4 genotype groups, correlated genotype 4/4 with an increased number of depressive episodes.
conclusionThis study showed no significant effect of PER3 VNTR genotypes on the age of onset and in linking genotype 5/5 with an earlier onset age. Contrasting results may arise from intrinsic differences between the two studies but also shed light on hypothetically different levels of functioning of PER3 VNTR genotypes in the context of bipolar pathology. Further studies will require bigger and more homogeneous clinical samples.
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