ArticleCommunications medicine2024
Insights from an N3C RECOVER EHR-based cohort study characterizing SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and Long COVID.
Article in Communications medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Post-acute metabolic changes and risk of new-onset diabetes following COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Comorbidity Exposure-Window Definitions and Multidimensional Disparities in Long COVID Risk: Evidence from a U.S. National Cohort (2020-2024).medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Demonstration of Interoperability Between MIDRC and N3C: A COVID-19 Severity Prediction Use Case.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods study comparing clinical and patient-reported perspectives on long COVID: insights from electronic health records and narrative journal entries.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Evolution with age of the relationship between sex and post-COVID symptoms: a population-based cohort study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and subsequent risk of hospital-diagnosed post-acute sequelae in Denmark (2020-2022): a nationwide cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Associated factors and predictive nomogram of long COVID: a cross-sectional study in China.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Differential Odds of COVID-19 Infection Associated With Household and Workplace Exposures in US Health Care Personnel.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Article
- Early COVID-19 and Severity of Subsequent Omicron Infection in Ontario Canada.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Patients Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Feature Enhanced Antibody Reactivity Towards Specific Linear Epitopes Within EBV EBNA1.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Long COVID and the kidney.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2025Review
- Robust antibody and T cell responses tracked longitudinally in patients with long COVID.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 infection induces post-acute lung fibrosis in BALB/c mice.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Multi-systemic risk of post-acute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Exposure, Protective Measures, Symptom Assessment, and Risk Perception Among Healthcare Workers in Peru: A Longitudinal Cohort Study (2020-2021).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- The Association of Long COVID and CKD: Findings from the National Clinical Cohort Collaborative.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- Incidence and risk factors of new-onset hypertension up to 3 years post SARS-CoV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Characteristic Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors of COVID-19 Reinfection in the Indonesian Community.Yonago acta medica · 2025Article
- Mouse Adapted Omicron BA.5 Induces A Fibrotic Lung Disease Phenotype in BALB/c Mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic has persisted for over 3 years, reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 are not well understood. We aim to characterize reinfection, understand development of Long COVID after reinfection, and compare severity of reinfection with initial infection.
methodsWe use an electronic health record study cohort of over 3 million patients from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative as part of the NIH Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery Initiative. We calculate summary statistics, effect sizes, and Kaplan-Meier curves to better understand COVID-19 reinfections.
resultsHere we validate previous findings of reinfection incidence (6.9%), the occurrence of most reinfections during the Omicron epoch, and evidence of multiple reinfections. We present findings that the proportion of Long COVID diagnoses is higher following initial infection than reinfection for infections in the same epoch. We report lower albumin levels leading up to reinfection and a statistically significant association of severity between initial infection and reinfection (chi-squared value: 25,697, p-value: <0.0001) with a medium effect size (Cramer's V: 0.20, DoF = 3). Individuals who experienced severe initial and first reinfection were older in age and at a higher mortality risk than those who had mild initial infection and reinfection.
conclusionsIn a large patient cohort, we find that the severity of reinfection appears to be associated with the severity of initial infection and that Long COVID diagnoses appear to occur more often following initial infection than reinfection in the same epoch. Future research may build on these findings to better understand COVID-19 reinfections.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.