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ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2024

Presentation and Outcome in S1P-RM and Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Julie C Blant, Nicola N De Rossi, Ralf Gold, Aude Maurousset, Markus Kraemer, Lucía Romero-Pinel, Tatsuro Misu, Jean-Christophe Ouallet, Maud Pallix Guyot, Simonetta Gerevini and 14 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Guideline
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors.

Julie C BlantFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Nicola N De RossiFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Ralf GoldFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0002-7223-3052
Aude MauroussetFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0002-3916-4606
Markus KraemerFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Lucía Romero-PinelFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Tatsuro MisuFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0002-7311-2578
Jean-Christophe OualletFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0003-3231-6416
Maud Pallix GuyotFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Simonetta GereviniFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0002-2374-194X
Christos BakirtzisFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Raquel Piñar MoralesFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0003-3490-4932
Benjamin VladFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0009-0002-8830-0173
Panajotis KarypidisFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0009-0007-9766-6923
Xavier MoissetFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0002-8799-0750
Tobias J DerfussFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0001-8656-4250
Ilijas JelcicFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0003-3090-7319
Guillaume Martin-BlondelFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Ilya AyzenbergFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0009-0007-9491-2180
Corey McGrawFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0009-0007-6158-8484
David A LaplaudFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0001-6113-6938
Renaud A Du PasquierFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.
Raphael Bernard-ValnetFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.ORCID 0000-0002-2786-3434
for CORPUS and Italian study groupsFrom the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe neurologic disease resulting from JC virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Certain multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are associated with PML risk, such as natalizumab and, more rarely, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1P-RMs). Although natalizumab-associated PML is well documented, information on S1P-RM-associated PML is limited. The aim of this study is to compare clinical presentations and outcomes between the 2 groups.

methodsA retrospective multicenter cohort study included patients with PML from 2009 to 2022 treated with S1P-RMs or natalizumab. Data on clinical and radiologic presentation, outcomes, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), survival, disability (using the modified Ranking scale-mRS), and MS relapses post-PML were analyzed.

resultsOf 88 patients, 84 were analyzed (20 S1P-RM, 64 natalizumab). S1P-RM-associated PML was diagnosed in older patients (median age 52 vs 44 years, DISCUSSION: S1P-RM-associated PML shows reduced IRIS risk but higher post-treatment MS activity. Clinicians should tailor post-PML treatment based on pre-PML medication.

Indexed as

Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive MultifocalNatalizumabSphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor ModulatorsAdultAgedCohort StudiesFemaleHumansImmune Reconstitution Inflammatory SyndromeImmunologic FactorsMaleMiddle AgedMultiple SclerosisRetrospective StudiesImmunologic FactorsNatalizumabSphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor Modulators

Identifiers

PMID38991170
PMCPMC11256981

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