ArticleEquine veterinary journal2025
Ultrasound-guided caudal cervical articular process arthrocentesis is accurate in live horses with and without arthropathy.
Article in Equine veterinary journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Ultrasound-guided caudal cervical articular process arthrocentesis is accurate in live horses with and without arthropathy.Equine veterinary journal · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCervical articular process joint (CAPJ) therapy is advocated for horses with neck disorders. Several ultrasound-guided CAPJ techniques have been described in cadaver studies with 72%-89% intra-articular injection accuracy; however, the CAPJ injection accuracy in clinical equine practice has not been extensively reported.
objectivesTo describe a modified cranial approach for ultrasound-guided caudal CAPJ injections, to investigate the accuracy of this CAPJ injection technique in live horses, and to assess the effect of CAPJ injection location, laterality, operator, and radiographic CAPJ enlargement on injection accuracy. STUDY
designRetrospective case study.
methodsMedical records of adult horses in which ultrasound-guided caudal (C4-T1) CAPJ injections were performed using a modified cranial approach between November 2006 and December 2020 were reviewed. Radiographic images of caudal cervical vertebrae were assessed by a blinded radiologist and the degree of CAPJ enlargement was graded using a previously described grading system (Rgrade 1-5b). Ultrasound-guided caudal CAPJ injection accuracy was determined by synovial fluid retrieval during an individual CAPJ injection. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed-effects multivariable logistic model to evaluate the association of CAPJ injection accuracy and the CAPJ injection location, Rgrade, laterality (right, left), and operator.
resultsThe study included 149 horses with 177 hospital admissions. Synovial fluid was obtained from 586/658 (89.1%) caudal CAPJs using modified cranial ultrasound-guided approach for CAPJ injections. C6-C7 CAPJ injections had 7-fold higher likelihood (OR = 6.78, 95% CI: 1.67-27.52; p = 0.007) of synovial fluid retrieval compared with C4-C5 CAPJ injections. Operator, CAPJ injection side (left, right), and degree of radiographic CAPJ enlargement did not have significant effects on the success of synovial fluid retrieval from ultrasound-guided caudal CAPJ injections. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Retrospective study design.
conclusionsIntra-articular ultrasound-guided caudal CAPJ injections using a modified cranial approach can be performed accurately in live horses with and without CAPJ arthropathy.
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