ArticleAllergy2025
Allergen-specific B cell responses in oral immunotherapy-induced desensitization, remission, and natural outgrowth in cow's milk allergy.
Article in Allergy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Studies on allergic diseases and B cells in the past 20 years: a bibliometric analysis via CiteSpace and VOSviewer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Regulatory B cells contribute to allergen-encapsulating nanoparticle immunotherapy efficacy for food allergy.JCI insight · 2026Article
- New Insights Into Immunomodulatory Strategies for Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions: An EAACI Task Force Report.Clinical and translational allergy · 2026Review
- Allergic Sensitization to Inhalant Allergens in the Upper Respiratory Tract-the B Cell Side.Allergy · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of IgE-mediated food allergy and the role of allergen-specific B cells.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- How to Employ Trained Immunity and Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines to Inhibit Allergic Inflammation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Oral Immunotherapy-Induced Changes in IgE, IgG, and IgA: A Review of Antibody Isotype Shifts and Their Clinical Relevance in Food Allergy.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advances in Food Allergy Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Role of Antibodies Isotypes.Cells · 2025Review
- Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAntigen-specific memory B cells play a key role in the induction of desensitization and remission to food allergens in oral immunotherapy and in the development of natural tolerance (NT). Here, we characterized milk allergen Bos d 9-specific B cells in oral allergen-specific immunotherapy (OIT) and in children spontaneously outgrowing cow's milk allergy (CMA) due to NT.
methodsSamples from children with CMA who received oral OIT (before, during, and after), children who naturally outgrew CMA (NT), and healthy individuals were received from Stanford biobank. Bos d 9-specific B cells were isolated by flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing was performed. Protein profile of Bos d 9-specific B cells was analyzed by proximity extension assay.
resultsIncreased frequencies of circulating milk allergen Bos d 9-specific B cells were observed after OIT and NT. Milk-desensitized subjects showed the partial acquisition of phenotypic features of remission, suggesting that desensitization is an earlier stage of remission. Within these most significantly expressed genes, IL10RA and TGFB3 were highly expressed in desensitized OIT patients. In both the remission and desensitized groups, B cell activation-, Breg cells-, BCR-signaling-, and differentiation-related genes were upregulated. In NT, pathways associated with innate immunity characteristics, development of marginal zone B cells, and a more established suppressor function of B cells prevail that may play a role in long-term tolerance. The analyses of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in specific B cells demonstrated that IgG2 in desensitization, IgG1, IgA1, IgA2, IgG4, and IgD in remission, and IgD in NT were predominating. Secreted proteins from allergen-specific B cells revealed higher levels of regulatory cytokines, IL-10, and TGF-β after OIT and NT.
conclusionAllergen-specific B cells are essential elements in regulating food allergy towards remission in OIT-received and naturally resolved individuals.
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