From transcriptomics to digital twins of organ function.

Cell level functions underlie tissue and organ physiology. Gene expression patterns offer extensive views of the pathways and processes within and between cells. Single cell transcriptomics provides detailed information on gene expression within cells, cell types, subtypes and their relative proportions in organs. Functional pathways can be scalably connected to physiological functions at the cell and organ levels. Integrating experimentally obtained gene expression patterns with prior knowledge of pathway interactions enables identification of networks underlying whole cell functions such as growth, contractility, and secretion. These pathways can be computationally modeled using differential equations to simulate cell and organ physiological dynamics regulated by gene expression changes. Such computational systems can be thought of as parts of digital twins of organs. Digital twins, at the core, need computational models that represent in detail and simulate how dynamics of pathways and networks give rise to whole cell level physiological functions. Integration of transcriptomic responses and numerical simulations could simulate and predict whole cell functional outputs from transcriptomic data. We developed a computational pipeline that integrates gene expression timelines and systems of coupled differential equations to generate cell-type selective dynamical models. We tested our integrative algorithm on the eicosanoid biosynthesis network in macrophages. Converting transcriptomic changes to a dynamical model allowed us to predict dynamics of prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis and secretion by macrophages that matched published lipidomics data obtained in the same experiments. Integration of cell-level system biology simulations with genomic and clinical data using a knowledge graph framework will allow us to create explicit predictive models that mechanistically link genomic determinants to organ function. Such integration requires a multi-domain ontological framework to connect genomic determinants to gene expression and cell pathways and functions to organ level phenotypes in healthy and diseased states. These integrated scalable models of tissues and organs as accurate digital twins predict health and disease states for precision medicine.