ArticleHeliyon2024
Computational insights into survival durations and prehospital interventions in accidental cold-water immersion: A comprehensive analysis of fresh and saltwater temperatures.
Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Seawater Immersion Hypothermia Triggers Cardiac Pyroptosis via the NF-κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Axis: A Mechanistic Study in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bioactive Constituents and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Shenfu Decoction in a Rat Model of Seawater-Immersion-Induced Accidental Hypothermia.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hepatic microperfusion in acute cold exposure: Dual-modality study using contrast-enhanced ultrasound and CT perfusion imaging.iScience · 2026Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
This study examines the complex relationship between scenarios of cold-water immersion, survival durations, and prehospital interventions. It utilizes computational modeling methods to shed light on how different water temperatures affect individuals facing accidental cold-water immersion incidents. The analysis reveals significant variations in survival times based on water temperature. For example, subjects immersed in water at temperatures of 5 °C, 2 °C, and 0 °C had average survival times of 136, 113, and 100 min, respectively, under stable conditions. In flowing water at the same temperatures, survival times decreased to 119, 92, and 81 min, indicating the impact of water movement on cooling rates and survival durations. Likewise, individuals immersed in saltwater at temperatures of 5 °C, 2 °C, 0 °C, and -2 °C showed average survival times of 111, 88, 80, and 66 min, respectively, in static conditions. In flowing saltwater at the same temperatures, survival times decreased to 98, 74, 68, and 57 min, highlighting the influence of water flow on cooling rates and survival durations. A comparison between immersion in pure water and saltwater at 2 °C revealed survival times of 113 and 88 min under stable conditions and 92 and 74 min under dynamic conditions, emphasizing the role of water composition in survival outcomes. The study also challenges the notion that the demise of the Titanic's passengers and crew resulted from hypothermia, asserting instead that severe thermal shock was the primary cause. These numerical findings underscore the importance of considering water temperature, flow dynamics, and prompt medical responses in cold-water emergencies to enhance survival prospects. The study identifies water within the range of 41-43 °C as the most effective active external rewarming fluid for critical hypothermal conditions. By quantifying the impact of these variables on survival times, the study provides data-driven recommendations to improve emergency protocols and outcomes for individuals facing cold-water immersion incidents.
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Registered trials
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