ArticlePsychology research and behavior management2024
The Limitations of Using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to Assess Athletes' Sleep Quality: Evidence from Reliability and Validity in Chinese Professional Athletes.
Article in Psychology research and behavior management, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effectiveness of different repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modalities on sleep function and depression in patients with post-stroke sleep disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality Among School Children in Chandigarh: Correspondence.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Sleep Quality, Insomnia Symptoms, and Perceived Fatigue in Relation to Countermovement Jump Performance Across Repeated Trials in Resistance-Trained Adults.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Reply to: "Sleep quality is influenced by multiple factors and cannot be reduced to the volume of pineal gland calcification".Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Sleep quality is influenced by multiple factors and cannot be reduced to the volume of pineal gland calcification.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Article
- Mild hyperbaric oxygen therapy on subjective sleep quality, aerobic, anaerobic exercise test, brain and muscle tissue oxygenation response in Chinese University male athletes after muscle fatigue.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Pre-Competition Stress in Female Volleyball Players: The Role of Experience, Sleep, and Coping.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association of Musculoskeletal Pain With Foot Type, Plantar Pressure, Physical Activity, Psychosocial Factors, and Daily Living Habits Among Adolescents.Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- When assessing sleep performance in dialysis patients, objective measures of sleep quality should be preferred to the PSQL.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Postpartum continuous epidural analgesia on pain, sleep quality, and emotional state in childbearing women: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the structural validity of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among Chinese professional athletes and examine its test-retest reliability and convergent validity across different timeframes. Methods: 581 Chinese professional athletes participated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the Chinese version of the PSQI. Test-retest reliability was assessed over 2 weeks, 1 week, and 2-3 days within a 1-month timeframe. Additional reliability analysis over a 2-day interval was conducted within a 1-week timeframe. Convergent validity was assessed using Chinese versions of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), and actigraphy. A 1-month tracking was conducted, with weekly completion of the PSQI using a one-week timeframe, supplemented by assessments in the second and fourth week using two-week and one-month timeframes. Relationships between weekly results and those over two weeks and one month examined, along with convergent validity, using sleep diary and actigraphy. Results: The PSQI exhibited a two-factor structure (sleep quality and sleep efficiency), with good model fit (CFI = 0.960, AGFI = 0.924, TLI = 0.925, RMSEA = 0.085). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory for intervals of one week or more (r = 0.721 ~ 0.753). Using a one-week timeframe, the total score and two dimensions exhibited good reliability (r = 0.769 ~ 0.881), but only the total score and sleep quality showed high correlations with ISI and ASSQ (r = 0.701 ~ 0.839). Throughout the tracking, monthly responses correlated well with the most recent weeks (r = 0.732 ~ 0.866). Conclusion: The PSQI demonstrates a two-factor structure in Chinese athletes, with sleep quality being predominant. Test-retest reliability within a one-month timeframe is unstable, suggesting a one-week timeframe performs better. Distinguishing between the two dimensions, employing shorter timeframes, and incorporating objective measures are recommended.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.