SynthesisBMC musculoskeletal disorders2024
The incidence of fractures in children under two years of age: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Infant, maternal and pregnancy associated risk factors for offspring fractures during infancy - A population-based study.Child abuse & neglect · 2026Article
- Incidence, pattern and mechanisms of injuries and fractures in children under two years of age: a population-based study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Consumer product-related fractures among children younger than 18 years old treated in United States emergency departments, 1990-2023.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- The Distribution of Paediatric Forearm Fractures: A Five-Year Retrospective Cohort Study of 4546 Forearm Fractures in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Systematic review of child maltreatment screening tools used by different occupational groups: a study protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEpidemiological research on fractures in children under the age of two is of great importance to help understand differences between accidental and abusive trauma.
objectiveThis systematic review aimed to evaluate studies reporting on the incidence of fractures in children under two years of age, excluding birth injuries. Secondary outcome measures included fracture location, mechanisms of injury and fracture characteristics.
methodsA systematic literature review (1946 to February 7th 2024), including prospective and retrospective cohort studies and cross-sectional cohort studies, was performed. Studies including children from other age groups were included if the actual measures for those aged 0-2 years could be extracted. We also included studies restricted to infants. Annual incidence rates of fractures were extracted and reported as the main result. Critical appraisal of was performed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies.
resultsTwelve moderate to good quality studies met eligibility criteria, of which seven were based on data from medical records and five were registry studies. Studies investigated different aspects of fractures, making comprehensive synthesis challenging. There was an overall annual fracture incidence rate of 5.3 to 9.5 per 1,000 children from 0-2 years of age; with commonest sites being the radius/ulna (25.2-40.0%), followed by tibia/fibula (17.3-27.6%) and the clavicle (14.6-14.8%) (location based on 3 studies with a total of 407 patients). In infants, the reported incidence ranged between 0.7 to 4.6 per 1,000 (based on 3 studies), with involvement of the clavicle in 22.2% and the distal humerus in 22.2% of cases (based on 1 study). Only a single metaphyseal lesion was reported (proximal humerus of an 11-month-old infant). Fracture mechanisms were detailed in four studies, with fall from chair, bed, table, own height or fall following indoor activities causing 50-60% of fractures.
conclusionsThere is a paucity of good quality data on fracture incidence in children under the age of two. Larger, prospective and unbiased studies would be helpful in determining normal pattern of injuries, so that differences from abusive trauma may be better understood.
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