Observational studyNeuroepidemiology2025
Diverging Trends in Survival and Functional Outcome between Males and Females after Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
Observational study in Neuroepidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex differences in imaging features including cerebral amyloid angiopathy markers in intracerebral hemorrhage.Frontiers in stroke · 2026Article
- PREDICTORS AND OUTCOMES OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE PATIENTS: EVIDENCE FROM A LARGE-SCALE NATIONAL DATABASE ANALYSIS.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedErratum.2025
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCompared to ischemic stroke, sex differences in patient outcomes following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are underreported. We aimed to determine sex differences in mortality and functional outcomes in a large, unselected Swedish cohort.
methodsIn this observational study, data on 22,789 patients with spontaneous ICH registered in the Swedish Stroke Register between 2012 and 2019 were used to compare sex differences in 90-day mortality and functional outcome using multivariable Cox and logistic regression analyses, adjusting for relevant confounders. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data.
resultsThe crude 90-day mortality rate was 36.7% in females (3,820/10,405) and 31.7% in males (3,929/12,384) (female hazard ratio [HR] 1.20 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.25). In multivariable analysis, the HR for 90-day mortality following ICH in females was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85-0.94). Age was an important driving factor for the effect of sex on mortality. After adjustment for age, vascular risk factors, and stroke severity, the 90-day functional outcome in pre-stroke independent patients was worse in females compared to males (odds ratio: 1.27 95% CI: 1.16-1.40).
conclusionIn this large observational study, despite lower 90-day mortality, the female sex was independently associated with a worse functional outcome compared to males after ICH, even after adjusting for significant covariates. These diverging trends have not been previously reported for ICH. Given the observational design, our findings should be interpreted with caution, thus further external validation is warranted.
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