ArticleCardiovascular diabetology2024
Trends in direct health care costs among US adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with and without diabetes.
Article in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Risk stacking in peripheral artery disease (PAD): Integrating genetics, cardiometabolic disease and social determinants of health to explain worsening PAD outcomes.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Healthcare expenditures associated with cardiovascular, chronic kidney, and diabetic conditions, 2021-2023.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Antimony: a cryptic metabolism disruptor ubiquitous in food contact materials.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Review
- Medication Adherence and Risks of Mortality and End-Organ Damage in Asian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study from Southern Taiwan.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Cost and transportation barrier trends related to Affordable Care Act among cancer survivors and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease patients.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Atherosclerosis and the Bidirectional Relationship Between Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside, Part 2 Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePopulation-based national data on the trends in expenditures related to coexisting atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) and diabetes is scarce. We assessed the trends in direct health care expenditures for ASCVD among individuals with and without diabetes, which can help to better define the burden of the co-occurrence of diabetes and ASCVD.
methodsWe used 12-year data (2008-2019) from the US national Medical Expenditure Panel Survey including 28,144 U.S individuals aged ≥ 18 years. Using a two-part model (adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and time), we estimated mean and adjusted incremental medical expenditures by diabetes status among individuals with ASCVD. The costs were direct total health care expenditures (out-of-pocket payments and payments by private insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, and other sources) from various sources (office-based visits, hospital outpatient, emergency room, inpatient hospital, pharmacy, home health care, and other medical expenditures).
resultsThe total direct expenditures for individuals with ASCVD increased continuously by 30% from $14,713 (95% confidence interval (CI): $13,808-$15,619) in 2008-2009 to $19,145 (95% CI: $17,988-$20,301) in 2008-2019. Individuals with diabetes had a 1.5-fold higher mean expenditure that those without diabetes. A key driver of the observed increase in direct costs was prescription drug costs, which increased by 37% among all individuals with ASCVD. The increase in prescription drug costs was more pronounced among individuals with ASCVD and diabetes, in whom a 45% increase in costs was observed, from $5184 (95% CI: $4721-$5646) in 2008-2009 to $7501 (95% CI: $6678-$8325) in 2018-2019. Individuals with ASCVD and diabetes had $5563 (95% CI: $4643-$6483) higher direct incremental expenditures compared with those without diabetes, after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. Among US adults with ASCVD, the estimated adjusted total direct excess medical expenditures were $42 billion per year among those with diabetes vs. those without diabetes.
conclusionsIn the setting of ASCVD, diabetes is associated with significantly increased health care costs, an increase that was driven by marked increase in medication costs.
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