ReviewCPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology2024
A literature review of drug transport mechanisms during lactation.
Review in CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Published Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Drug Excretion Into Human Breastmilk: Knowledge Gaps and Opportunities to Optimize Reporting and Modeling Practices.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- PBPK-Based Prediction of Oliceridine Exposure in Breast Milk and Relative Infant Dose During the First 24 h After Cesarean Delivery.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- ABCG2 Genetic Variability in Drug Exposure and Toxicity: Implications for Clinical Practice.Toxics · 2026Review
- From rumen to milk: Dietary polyphenols in dairy cows-A critical review.Veterinary and animal science · 2026Review
- Pharmacological Management of Obesity in Pregnancy: A Review of Current and Emerging Therapies.Drugs · 2026Review
- Rules of Thumb for Estimating Drug Levels in Breast Milk: How Well Do They Work?Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Predicting Drug Transfer Into Human Milk With the Simcyp Simulator: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- A Point-of-Care Device for Theophylline Quantification in Human Milk Using Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes.ACS applied nano materials · 2025Article
- The Impact of Substance Use Disorder and Drug Transfer into Breast Milk: Implications for Maternal and Infant Health.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Safety and Risks of Antihypertensive Medications During Breastfeeding: A Review of Current Guidelines.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- PBPK-Led Assessment of Antimalarial Drug Concentrations in Breastmilk: A Strategy for Optimal Use of Prediction Methods to Guide Decision Making in an Understudied Population.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- Transporters and drug secretion into human breast milk.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2025Review
- Transfer of amenamevir into breast milk in breastfeeding patients with recurrent herpes simplex: study protocol for a single-arm, open-label study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Drug Safety During Breastfeeding: A Comparative Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reports and LactMedPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A literature review of drug transport mechanisms during lactation.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2024Review
- Recent applications of pharmacometrics and systems pharmacology approaches to improve and optimize drug therapy for pregnant and lactating women.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2024Article
- On placental and lactational transfer of IgG-based therapeutic proteins - Current understanding and knowledge gaps from a clinical pharmacology perspective.Clinical and translational science · 2024Review
- Evaluation of mathematical models for predicting medicine distribution into breastmilk - considering biological heterogeneity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the benefits of breastfeeding, lactating mothers who take prescribed medications may discontinue breastfeeding due to concerns associated with infant drug exposure in breastmilk. Consolidating the current knowledge of drug transport to breastmilk may inform understanding of the safety of medication use during lactation. This literature review summarizes the mechanisms of drug transport to breastmilk, details the physicochemical drug properties that may alter the extent of passive transport, and describes the expressional changes in mammary drug transporters that may affect active transport. During the period of 20 July 2023 to 11 August 2023, PubMed® was searched to identify journal articles pertinent to the mechanisms of drug transport from maternal plasma to breastmilk and the expression of mammary drug transporters during lactation. From the 28 studies included in this review, four mechanisms were identified for transporting drugs from maternal plasma to breastmilk: passive transport, active transport, lipid co-transport, and transcytosis. The lactational expression of 20 drug transporters was further summarized, with 9 transporters demonstrating downregulated expression during lactation and 11 transporters demonstrating upregulated expression during lactation. Understanding the mechanisms of drug transport to breastmilk may aid in estimating infant drug exposure, developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that describe drug transfer, and initiating clinical drug development programs in the lactating population.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.