Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38972971›Full record

SynthesisBMC medicine2024

Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000-2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Yubao Lu, Zhizhong Shang, Wei Zhang, Mao Pang, Xuchang Hu, Yu Dai, Ruoqi Shen, Yingjie Wu, Chenrui Liu, Ting Luo and 4 more

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
134citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

134 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  10. Characteristics of Asian patients with Fibromuscular Dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025
    Pooled it
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  20. Development of a predictive model for postoperative erectile function recovery in male patients with incomplete traumatic cervical spinal cord injury.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026
    Article

74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Yubao Lu *Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Zhizhong Shang *Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Wei Zhang *Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Mao Pang *Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Xuchang HuDepartment of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
Yu DaiDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Ruoqi ShenDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Yingjie WuDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Chenrui LiuDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Ting LuoDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China.
Xin WangDepartment of Orthopaedics, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China. wangxinldyy@126.com.
Bin LiuDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China. liubin6@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
Liangming ZhangDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China. zhanglm36@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
Limin RongDepartment of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510630, China. ronglm@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

Funding

The Guangdong Natural Science Foundation 2023A1515010313The Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province 2019B020236002The Key Research and Development Program of Guangzhou 202206060003The National Natural Science Foundation of China 82102642; 82172433; U22A20297
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study employs systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury (SCI) between 2000 and 2021, aiming to provide the most recent and comprehensive data support for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of SCI.

methodsSystematic searches were conducted on epidemiological studies of SCI published between January 1, 2000, and March 29, 2024. Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, meta-regression, publication bias detection, and literature quality assessment were extensively utilized.

resultsThe pooled results from 229 studies indicated that the overall incidence rate of SCI was 23.77 (95% CI, 21.50-26.15) per million people, with traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) at a rate of 26.48 (95% CI, 24.15-28.93) per million people, and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries (NTSCI) at a rate of 17.93 (95% CI, 13.30-23.26) per million people. The incidence of TSCI exhibited a marked age-related increase and was significantly higher in community settings compared to hospital and database sources. Males experienced TSCI at a rate 3.2 times higher than females. Between 2000 and 2021, the incidence of TSCI remained consistently high, between 20 and 45 per million people, whereas NTSCI incidence has seen a steady rise since 2007, stabilizing at a high rate of 25-35 per million people. Additionally, the incidence of TSCI in developing countries was notably higher than that in developed countries. There were significant differences in the causes of injury, severity, injury segments, gender, and age distribution among the TSCI and NTSCI populations, but the proportion of male patients was much higher than that of female patients. Moreover, study quality, country type, and SCI type contributed to the heterogeneity in the meta-analysis.

conclusionsThe incidence rates of different types of SCI remain high, and the demographic distribution of SCI patients is changing, indicating a serious disease burden on healthcare systems and affected populations. These findings underscore the necessity of adopting targeted preventive, therapeutic, and rehabilitative measures based on the incidence and characteristics of SCI.

Indexed as

Spinal Cord InjuriesFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceMaleFeaturesIncidenceMeta-analysisSpinal cord injurySystematic review

Identifiers

PMID38972971
PMCPMC11229207

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.