ArticleScientific reports2024
First detection of PCV4 in swine in the United States: codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and direct detection within tissues.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Automated In situ Hybridization for Detection of Viral Pathogens Using RNAscope™.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Emerging Challenges and Advances in Porcine Circovirus: A Decade in Review.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Review
- Review
- Comprehensive Survey of PCV2 and PCV3 in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars Across Portugal: Prevalence, Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Detection Rate of Porcine Circoviruses in Different Ages and Production Herds of Intensive Pig Farms in China.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Significant Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 and Porcine Circovirus 4 in Wild Boars from Mid-Western Spain Without Apparent Sanitary Consequences.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Comparative Pathogenicity of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 in Piglets: Insights Into Clinical, Pathological, and Immunological Features.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Retrospective Study Reveals Decades of PCV4 Circulation in Spain.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Since PCV4 was first described in 2019, the virus has been identified in several countries in Southeast Asia and Europe. Most studies have been limited to detecting PCV4 by PCR. Thus, PCV4 has an unclear association with clinical disease. This study utilized 512 porcine clinical lung, feces, spleen, serum, lymphoid tissue, and fetus samples submitted to the ISU-VDL from June-September 2023. PCV4 was detected in 8.6% of samples with an average Ct value of 33. While detection rates among sample types were variable, lymphoid tissue had the highest detection rate (18.7%). Two ORF2 sequences were obtained from lymphoid tissue samples and had 96.36-98.98% nucleotide identity with reference sequences. Direct detection of PCV4 by RNAscope revealed viral replication in B lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph node germinal centers and histiocytic and T lymphocyte infiltration in the lamina propria of the small intestine. PCV4 detection was most commonly observed in nursery to finishing aged pigs displaying respiratory and enteric disease. Coinfection with PCV2, PCV3, and other endemic pathogens was frequently observed, highlighting the complex interplay between different PCVs and their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. This study provides insights into the frequency of detection, tissue distribution, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in the US.
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