ReviewAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2024
Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Review in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 145 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Elevated temporal tau PET predicts faster cognitive decline in women than men: A meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Sex and gender differences in memory in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Touchscreen and Translational Cognition: A Systematic Review of Trials in Humans and Rodents.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Systemic davunetide provides sex-specific neuroprotection during Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG).Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Effects of Tai Chi on Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Randomized Controlled Trial Using Wearable Devices in a Mobile Health Model.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Augmenting Cognitive Function in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using ProbioticNutrients · 2025Trial
- Davunetide sex-dependently boosts memory in prodromal Alzheimer's disease.Translational psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Nicotinamide riboside supplementation restores microglial health and improves cognition in aged male mice.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Sex-specific regulation of angiogenin in Alzheimer's disease.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk Factors Measured Around Age 60 as Predictors of Dementia Around Age 80 in the U.S.AJE advances : research in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Molecular programs in human locus coeruleus link APOE and neuromelanin to Alzheimer's vulnerability.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Machine learning-derived Alzheimer's disease dimensions: neuroanatomical, cognitive, clinical, functional, and genetic risk heterogeneity signatures.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- A multiancestry polygenic risk score for Alzheimer's disease is associated with cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks in diverse populations.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Education Moderates the Biomarker-Cortical-Thickness Relationship in Females With Cognitive Decline: A Descriptive Study With Sex Comparisons.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Article
- Menopause and neurological disorders: a roadmap for research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- The Japanese Translation Study of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Article
- Does sex moderate health and Alzheimer's disease risk tied to early educational experiences? The reducing inequities through social and educational change follow-up in early adulthood extension study protocol.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Tau-PET and CSF MTBR-tau243 comparisons validate increased tau aggregation in females.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Longitudinal relations between sleep quality, psychological distress, and cognitive function among rural older adults: a cross-lagged network analysis.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex and gender-biological and social constructs-significantly impact the prevalence of protective and risk factors, influencing the burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD; amyloid beta and tau) and other pathologies (e.g., cerebrovascular disease) which ultimately shape cognitive trajectories. Understanding the interplay of these factors is central to understanding resilience and resistance mechanisms explaining maintained cognitive function and reduced pathology accumulation in aging and AD. In this narrative review, the ADDRESS! Special Interest Group (Alzheimer's Association) adopted a multidisciplinary approach to provide the foundations and recommendations for future research into sex- and gender-specific drivers of resilience, including a sex/gender-oriented review of risk factors, genetics, AD and non-AD pathologies, brain structure and function, and animal research. We urge the field to adopt a sex/gender-aware approach to resilience to advance our understanding of the intricate interplay of biological and social determinants and consider sex/gender-specific resilience throughout disease stages. HIGHLIGHTS: Sex differences in resilience to cognitive decline vary by age and cognitive status. Initial evidence supports sex-specific distinctions in brain pathology. Findings suggest sex differences in the impact of pathology on cognition. There is a sex-specific change in resilience in the transition to clinical stages. Gender and sex factors warrant study: modifiable, immune, inflammatory, and vascular.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.