GuidelineJournal of neurology2024
Systematic review-based guideline "Parkinson's disease" of the German Society of Neurology: diagnostic use of transcranial sonography.
Guideline in Journal of neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson's disease: Differential findings on pupillary, brainstem and vagus sonography.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- A nomogram combined substantia nigra hyperechogenicity with third ventricular width assessed by transcranial sonography in prediction Parkinson's disease-related cognitive impairment.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Pathology-Anchored Transcranial Sonography: A Cascaded Super-Resolution Deep Learning System for Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease Grading.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Diagnostic value of multi-regional multi-parameter transcranial sonography in differentiating Parkinson's disease from essential tremor.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Bringing neuroimaging to the bedside: can machine learning empower transcranial sonography?European radiology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic value of transcranial ultrasonography and clinical features for Parkinson's disease based on XGBoost model and SHAP visualization analysis: a retrospective study.European radiology · 2026Article
- The diagnostic value of transcranial sonography in Swedish parkinsonism patients: A retrospective cohort study with long-term follow-up.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveTranscranial brain parenchyma sonography (TCS) has been recommended as a tool for the early and differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) in German and European clinical guidelines. Still, the brain structures to be examined for the diagnostic questions and the requirements for being a qualified investigator were not specified in detail. These issues have now been addressed in the 2023 update of the clinical guideline on PD by the German Society of Neurology (DGN).
methodsThe recommendations were based on a systematic literature review following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.
resultsThree diagnostic questions were defined: (1) What is the accuracy of TCS in the differential diagnosis of PD versus atypical and secondary Parkinsonian syndromes? (2) What is the accuracy of TCS in the differential diagnosis of PD versus essential tremor? (3) What is the accuracy of TCS in the diagnosis of PD in persons with typical early symptoms, compared with the diagnosis established by clinical follow-up? The brain structures to be assessed and the level of recommendation were formulated for these questions. The training requirements for being regarded as qualified TCS investigator were stipulated by the responsible medical societies (German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine, DEGUM; German Society for Clinical Neurophysiology and Functional Imaging, DGKN). Finally, the recommendations for these diagnostic questions reached strong consensus (each ≥ 97%) of the guideline committee. Here, the details of review and recommendations are presented.
conclusionThe updated guideline clarifies the diagnostic uses and limitations of TCS in PD.
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