ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2024
Reported Xylazine Use Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years Evaluated for Substance Use Treatment - United States, July 2022-September 2023.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Management of xylazine toxicity, overdose, dependence, and withdrawal: A systematic review.The American journal on addictions · 2025Pooled it
- Crack/cocaine use to manage xylazine exposure in fentanyl in Connecticut: findings from a convergent mixed methods study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- A Review of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agents Implicated in Opioid Use Disorder.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Prevalence of Illicit Drug Detection in 5 US Cities Among Out-of-Treatment People Who Inject Drugs.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Emergency department-based testing for xylazine and other novel psychoactive substances in Central Alabama: a feasibility study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Xylazine Awareness and Suspected Presence in the Illicit Drug Supply Among People Who Used Stimulants in an Overdose Hotspot, 2023.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- Community-based drug checking at syringe service programs in New York City observe an increasing prevalence of xylazine from 2021 through 2024.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Xylazine has been increasingly detected in illegally manufactured fentanyl (IMF) products and overdose deaths in the United States; most xylazine-involved overdose deaths involve IMF. A convenience sample of U.S. adults aged ≥18 years was identified from those evaluated for substance use treatment during July 2022-September 2023. Data were collected using the Addiction Severity Index-Multimedia Version clinical assessment tool. Among 43,947 adults, 6,415 (14.6%) reported IMF or heroin as their primary lifetime substance-use problem; 5,344 (12.2%) reported recent (i.e., past-30-day) IMF or heroin use. Among adults reporting IMF or heroin as their primary lifetime substance-use problem, 817 (12.7%) reported ever using xylazine. Among adults reporting recent IMF or heroin use, 443 (8.3%) reported recent xylazine use. Among adults reporting IMF or heroin use recently or as their primary lifetime substance-use problem, those reporting xylazine use reported a median of two past nonfatal overdoses from any drug compared with a median of one overdose among those who did not report xylazine use; as well, higher percentages of persons who reported xylazine use reported other recent substance use and polysubstance use. Provision of nonjudgmental care and services, including naloxone, wound care, and linkage to and retention of persons in effective substance use treatment, might reduce harms including overdose among persons reporting xylazine use.
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