ReviewEuropean journal of medical research2024
Targeting cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in breast cancer.
Review in European journal of medical research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advancements in Immune Checkpoint-Based Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Emerging nanoimmunotherapeutic strategies for breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Targeted biologics for TNBC: Advances in nanobodies, antibodies, peptides, and aptamers.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in breast cancer drivers of immune suppression and targets for immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Emerging Approaches in Breast Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced cardiotoxicity: from immune mechanisms to clinical surveillance and targeted therapies.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- PD-L1-negative triple-negative breast cancer exhibited a remarkable response to cadonilimab: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Breaking Barriers: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Breast Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- The potential of nanotechnology for photothermal therapy-based synergistic immunotherapy: a review.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Advances in engineering immune-tumor microenvironments on-a-chip: integrative microfluidic platforms for immunotherapy and drug discovery.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Potential role of CFLAR in enhancing 5-FU sensitivity and modulating immune cell infiltration in breast cancer.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Divide and Conquer-Targeted Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Benefits and Safety of Monoclonal Antibodies: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Exploring the landscape of autoimmune disorder-associated genes and their impact on immune microenvironment in breast cancer patients.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Immune monitoring of neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Regulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicine on the breast-cancer immune microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Prognostic impact of metformin in solid cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: novel evidences from a multicenter retrospective study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has a high mortality rate and is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Initially, BC was considered non-immunogenic, but a paradigm shift occurred with the discovery of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the BC tumor microenvironment. CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) immunotherapy has emerged as a treatment option for BC, but it has limitations, including suboptimal antitumor effects and toxicity. Research has demonstrated that anti-CTLA-4 combination therapies, such as Treg depletion, cancer vaccines, and modulation of the gut microbiome, are significantly more effective than CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAB) monotherapy. Second-generation CTLA-4 antibodies are currently being developed to mitigate immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and augment antitumor efficacy. This review examines anti-CTLA-4 mAB in BC, both as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments, and sheds light on ongoing clinical trials, novel CTLA-4 therapeutic strategies, and potential utility of biomarkers in BC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.