ArticleScientific reports2024
Cytokine expression profiles in children and adolescents with tic disorders.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Allergic load and symptom severity in children with tic disorders: a cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Circulating microRNA molecular signatures converge with erythroid phenotypes and iron homeostasis in pediatric tic disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Tic disorders and allergic diseases: mechanistic links and the impact of allergy management - a narrative review.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Review
- Immune dysregulation in pediatric tic disorders: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic frontiers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Investigating the pharmaceutical substances and action mechanisms of Changmaxifeng granules against tic disorders.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- MCP-1 Is Elevated in the Cerebral Fluid of Children With Tourette Syndrome: Case Series and Literature Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- Clonidine Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in the Rat Model of Tourette Syndrome.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Yinhua Gouteng decoction alleviates tic disorder symptoms by modulating neuro-inflammation in a rat model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Peripheral blood transcriptomics identifies cohesin-chromatin and immune dysregulation in tics and Tourette syndrome.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The etiology of tic disorders (TDs) is not precisely known, although several lines of evidence suggest involvement of the immune system in pathogenesis. Here, we aimed to determine the expression levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with TD and compare them with those of healthy controls. Furthermore, we also evaluated their association with clinical variables in the TD group. Within the study period, 88 children with tic disorders and 111 healthy control children were enrolled. Most children with tic disorders were diagnosed with Tourette's disorder (n = 47, 53.4%) or persistent motor tic disorder (n = 39, 44.3%), while the remainder (n = 2, 2.3%) were diagnosed with persistent vocal tic disorder. We found that children with tic disorders had significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-4 expression, while we detected lower expression levels of IL-17 in children with tic disorders. Our findings provide a molecular landscape of cytokine expression in children with TD, which may suggest a proinflammatory state not affected by the presence of comorbidity and symptom severity. Delineating the contribution of alterations in the immune system to the pathogenesis of tic disorders may pave the way for better therapeutic interventions.
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