ArticleLupus science & medicine2024
Intercurrent infection as a risk factor for disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article in Lupus science & medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Systemic lupus pregnancies are characterized by an intrinsic pro-inflammatory monocyte transcriptome, driven by an aberrant miRNA signature.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Emerging and underrecognized viral triggers of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease flares.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- When Autoimmunity Meets Malignancy: A Rare Case of Concomitant Systemic Lupus and Multiple Myeloma.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Neuropsychiatric lupus or West Nile encephalitis? Diagnostic dilemmas in two SLE patients and literature review.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Review
- Long-Term Safety of Anti-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus-like Diseases with a Previous History of Myocarditis.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether intercurrent infections are a risk factor for subsequent disease flares in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
methodsDemographic and clinical characteristics of 203 patients with SLE participating in the Amsterdam SLE cohort were collected at baseline and during follow-up. Collection of data on infections and SLE flares was registry-based and infections and flares were categorised as minor or major, based on predefined criteria. Proportional hazard models with recurrent events and time-varying covariates were used to estimate the HR of SLE flares.
resultsThe incidence rates of major and minor infections were 5.3 per 100 patient years and 63.9 per 100 patient years, respectively. The incidence rates of flares were 3.6 and 15.1 per 100 patient years for major flares and minor flares, respectively.In the proportional hazard model, intercurrent infections (major and minor combined) were associated with the occurrence of SLE flares (major and minor combined; HR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.9). The hazard ratio for a major SLE flare following a major infection was 7.4 (95% CI: 2.2 to 24.6). Major infections were not associated with the occurrence of minor flares.
conclusionsThe results of the present study show that intercurrent infections are associated with subsequent SLE flares, which supports the hypothesis that infections may trigger SLE flares.
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