ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2024
D for dominant: porcine circovirus 2d (PCV-2d) prevalence over other genotypes in wild boars and higher viral flows from domestic pigs in Italy.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections.BMC veterinary research · 2025Review
- Detection of PCV2d in pig industry of the Iberian Peninsula.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- The contribution of integrated and non-integrated pig farms to epidemiological dynamics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Italy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of PCV2 and PCV3 circulating in domestic pigs and wild boars in central-southern regions of Italy.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Host-driven evolution of PCV2: insights into genetic diversity and adaptation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Retrospective Study Reveals Decades of PCV4 Circulation in Spain.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is a key pathogen for the swine industry at a global level. Nine genotypes, differing in epidemiology and potentially virulence, emerged over time, with PCV-2a, -2b, and -2d being the most widespread and clinically relevant. Conversely, the distribution of minor genotypes appears geographically and temporally restricted, suggesting lower virulence and different epidemiological drivers. In 2022, PCV-2e, the most genetically and phenotypically divergent genotype, was identified in multiple rural farms in North-eastern Italy. Since rural pigs often have access to outdoor environment, the introduction from wild boars was investigated. Methods: Through a molecular and spatial approach, this study investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of PCV-2 in 122 wild boars across different provinces of North-eastern Italy. Results: Molecular analysis revealed a high PCV-2 frequency (81.1%, 99/122), and classified the majority of strains as PCV-2d (96.3%, 78/81), with sporadic occurrences of PCV-2a (1.2%, 1/81) and PCV-2b (2.5%, 2/81) genotypes. A viral flow directed primarily from domestic pigs to wild boars was estimated by phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses. Discussion: These findings attested that the genotype replacement so far described only in the Italian domestic swine sector occurred also in wild boars. and suggested that the current heterogeneity of PCV-2d strains in Italian wild boars likely depends more on different introduction events from the domestic population rather than the presence of independent evolutionary pressures. While this might suggest PCV-2 circulation in wild boars having a marginal impact in the industrial sector, the sharing of PCV-2d strains across distinct wild populations, in absence of a consistent geographical pattern, suggests a complex interplay between domestic and wild pig populations, emphasizing the importance of improved biosecurity measures to mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission.
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