ArticleAge and ageing2024
Temporal dynamics of depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in the oldest old: dynamic time warp analysis of the Leiden 85-plus study.
Article in Age and ageing, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Temporal dynamics of blood pressure, functional status and cognitive function in adults aged 85 years and older: a dynamic time warping approach in the Leiden 85-plus study.Age and ageing · 2026Article
- What Changes First? Mapping the Temporal Ordering of Age-Related Functional Decline across Domains Using 30-Year Longitudinal Data.Gerontology · 2026Article
- Identifying Important Factors for Depressive Symptom Dynamics in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults Using a Multi-State Transition Model with Feature Selection.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Time dynamics of symptom progression in patients with acute pancreatitis: a Dynamic Time Warping analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe prevalence of depressive symptoms and cognitive decline increases with age. We investigated their temporal dynamics in individuals aged 85 and older across a 5-year follow-up period.
methodsParticipants were selected from the Leiden 85-plus study and were eligible if at least three follow-up measurements were available (325 of 599 participants). Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and at yearly assessments during a follow-up period of up to 5 years, using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Cognitive decline was measured through various tests, including the Mini Mental State Exam, Stroop test, Letter Digit Coding test and immediate and delayed recall. A novel method, dynamic time warping analysis, was employed to model their temporal dynamics within individuals, in undirected and directed time-lag analyses, to ascertain whether depressive symptoms precede cognitive decline in group-level aggregated results or vice versa.
resultsThe 325 participants were all 85 years of age at baseline; 68% were female, and 45% received intermediate to higher education. Depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning significantly covaried in time, and directed analyses showed that depressive symptoms preceded most of the constituents of cognitive impairment in the oldest old. Of the GDS-15 symptoms, those with the strongest outstrength, indicating changes in these symptoms preceded subsequent changes in other symptoms, were worthlessness, hopelessness, low happiness, dropping activities/interests, and low satisfaction with life (all P's < 0.01).
conclusionDepressive symptoms preceded cognitive impairment in a population based sample of the oldest old.
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