Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38951533›Full record

ArticleNature communications2024

Machine learning-enabled forward prediction and inverse design of 4D-printed active plates.

Xiaohao Sun, Liang Yue, Luxia Yu, Connor T Forte, Connor D Armstrong, Kun Zhou, Frédéric Demoly, Ruike Renee Zhao, H Jerry Qi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Smart Bioinks for 4D Bioprinting: Requirements, Design, and Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
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  3. Article
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  6. Deformation Prediction of 4D-Printed Active Composite Structures Based on Data Mining.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  7. Review
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  9. GELATO: multi-material topology optimization of programmable gel-elastomer structures.Structural and multidisciplinary optimization : journal of the International Society for Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Xiaohao Sun *The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-1600
Liang Yue *The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3901-9572
Luxia Yu *The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Connor T ForteThe George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Connor D ArmstrongThe George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Kun ZhouSingapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-2911
Frédéric DemolyICB UMR 6303 CNRS, Belfort-Montbeliard University of Technology, UTBM, Belfort, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5825-6573
Ruike Renee ZhaoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-5267
H Jerry QiThe George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. qih@me.gatech.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-5284

Funding

United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF Office of Scientific Research) FA9550-20-1-0306
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Shape transformations of active composites (ACs) depend on the spatial distribution of constituent materials. Voxel-level complex material distributions can be encoded by 3D printing, offering enormous freedom for possible shape-change 4D-printed ACs. However, efficiently designing the material distribution to achieve desired 3D shape changes is significantly challenging yet greatly needed. Here, we present an approach that combines machine learning (ML) with both gradient-descent (GD) and evolutionary algorithm (EA) to design AC plates with 3D shape changes. A residual network ML model is developed for the forward shape prediction. A global-subdomain design strategy with ML-GD and ML-EA is then used for the inverse material-distribution design. For a variety of numerically generated target shapes, both ML-GD and ML-EA demonstrate high efficiency. By further combining ML-EA with a normal distance-based loss function, optimized designs are achieved for multiple irregular target shapes. Our approach thus provides a highly efficient tool for the design of 4D-printed active composites.

Identifiers

PMID38951533
PMCPMC11217466

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.