Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38949862›Full record

Trial reportJournal of medical Internet research2024

Exploring Relations Between Unique Patient Characteristics and Virtual Reality Immersion Level on Anxiety and Pain in Patients Undergoing Venipuncture: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Control Trial.

Jeffrey I Gold, Krystal M Akbar, Sandra Avila, Nhat H Ngo, Margaret J Klein

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of medical Internet research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04268901 (Effectiveness of Virtual Reality to Reduce Pain/Anxiety During Routine Painful Procedures), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04268901 naunknown statusnot on this map

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality to Reduce Pain/Anxiety During Routine Painful Procedures

TypeinterventionalSponsorChildren's Hospital Los AngelesRan2016 to 2025Enrolled700ConditionsPhlebotomy, Orthopedics, Radiology, PainArmsSamsung Gear VR, Merge VR, Oculus Go
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jeffrey I GoldDepartments of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-4493-1299
Krystal M AkbarThe Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.ORCID 0009-0000-4608-3540
Sandra AvilaThe Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.ORCID 0009-0007-7283-4054
Nhat H NgoDepartment of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, The Biobehavioral Pain Lab, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.ORCID 0009-0000-7465-4531
Margaret J KleinDepartment of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-9783-7648

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundVirtual reality (VR) is a well-researched digital intervention that has been used for managing acute pain and anxiety in pediatric patients undergoing various medical procedures. This study focuses on investigating the role of unique patient characteristics and VR immersion level on the effectiveness of VR for managing pediatric pain and anxiety during venipuncture.

objectiveThe purpose of this study is to determine how specific patient characteristics and level of immersion during a VR intervention impact anxiety and pain levels for pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture procedures.

methodsThis study is a secondary data analysis of 2 combined, previously published randomized control trials on 252 pediatric patients aged 10-21 years observed at Children's Hospital Los Angeles from April 12, 2017, to July 24, 2019. One randomized clinical trial was conducted in 3 clinical environments examining peripheral intravenous catheter placement (radiology and an infusion center) and blood draw (phlebotomy). Conditional process analysis was used to conduct moderation and mediation analyses to assess the impact of immersion level during the VR intervention.

resultsSignificant moderation was found between the level of immersion and anxiety sensitivity when predicting postprocedural anxiety (P=.01). Patients exhibiting the highest anxiety sensitivity within the standard of care yielded a 1.9 (95% CI 0.9-2.8; P<.001)-point elevation in postprocedural anxiety relative to individuals with high immersion levels. No other significant factors were found to mediate or moderate the effect of immersion on either postprocedural anxiety or pain.

conclusionsVR is most effective for patients with higher anxiety sensitivity who report feeling highly immersed. Age, location of the procedure, and gender of the patient were not found to significantly impact VR's success in managing levels of postprocedural pain or anxiety, suggesting that immersive VR may be a beneficial intervention for a broad pediatric population.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04268901; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04268901.

Indexed as

AnxietyPhlebotomyVirtual RealityAdolescentChildFemaleHumansMalePainPain ManagementYoung Adultacute painanxietyanxiety sensitivityimmersionmediationmoderationpainpain managementpediatric painpediatricsroutine medical proceduressecondary data analysisvenipuncturevirtual realityVR

Identifiers

PMID38949862
PMCPMC11250034

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.