ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2024
High burden of viruses and bacterial pathobionts drives heightened nasal innate immunity in children.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Review
- Type I interferon signaling in hematopoietic cells impairs neutrophil antibacterial function in the middle ear during viral co-infection.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The Common Cold Is Associated With Protection From SARS-CoV-2 Infections.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Normal Immune Function in a Newborn With Early Identification of aClinical case reports · 2025Article
- Detection of Live Attenuated Measles Virus in the Respiratory Tract Following Subcutaneous Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The underlying mechanism behind the different outcomes of COVID-19 in children and adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Regional specialization within the mammalian respiratory immune system.Trends in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Studies during the COVID-19 pandemic showed that children had heightened nasal innate immune responses compared with adults. To evaluate the role of nasal viruses and bacteria in driving these responses, we performed cytokine profiling and comprehensive, symptom-agnostic testing for respiratory viruses and bacterial pathobionts in nasopharyngeal samples from children tested for SARS-CoV-2 in 2021-22 (n = 467). Respiratory viruses and/or pathobionts were highly prevalent (82% of symptomatic and 30% asymptomatic children; 90 and 49% for children <5 years). Virus detection and load correlated with the nasal interferon response biomarker CXCL10, and the previously reported discrepancy between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and nasal interferon response was explained by viral coinfections. Bacterial pathobionts correlated with a distinct proinflammatory response with elevated IL-1β and TNF but not CXCL10. Furthermore, paired samples from healthy 1-year-olds collected 1-2 wk apart revealed frequent respiratory virus acquisition or clearance, with mucosal immunophenotype changing in parallel. These findings reveal that frequent, dynamic host-pathogen interactions drive nasal innate immune activation in children.
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