Observational studyAnnals of surgical oncology2024
The Impact of a Breast Cancer Risk Assessment on the Decision for Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals: A Pilot Single-Arm Educational Intervention Trial.
Observational study in Annals of surgical oncology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06239766 (Assessing Breast Cancer Risk Prior to Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Persons), which is not on this map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessing Breast Cancer Risk Prior to Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Persons
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Healthcare professional perspectives on hereditary breast cancer risk assessment prior to gender-affirming mastectomy.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Identifying Breast Cancer Risk in Patients Undergoing Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery.Journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Gender-Diverse Patients With Breast Cancer.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Experiences and challenges of sexual and gender minority patients undergoing breast cancer treatment.American journal of surgery · 2026Article
- Preoperative breast cancer screening before chest masculinization surgery.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer Risk Assessment after Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery: The Case for Standardized Documentation and Clinical Guidelines.Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer Disparities in the LGBTQ + Community: How to Move Towards Inclusive Care from Screening to Survivorship.Current breast cancer reports · 2025Article
- Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patient Perspectives on Hereditary Breast Cancer Risk Assessment in Gender-Affirming Top Surgeries.JCO precision oncology · 2025Article
- Current insights into breast and ovarian cancer risk: a contemporary review.Minerva surgery · 2025Review
- Patient care practices for LGBTQ+ individuals in clinical genetics: A scoping review.Journal of genetic counseling · 2025Article
- Navigating sexual orientation and gender identity data privacy concerns in United States genetics practices.Journal of genetic counseling · 2025Article
- Risk-Reducing Gender-Affirming Mastectomy: Unique Considerations in BRCA.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Contemporary Considerations for Breast Cancer Risk and Screening in Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender-Diverse Populations.Current breast cancer reports · 2025Article
- Breast cancer screening for transgender individuals with breast cancer susceptibility genes.Translational breast cancer research : a journal focusing on translational research in breast cancer · 2025Review
- ASO Author Reflections: A Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and the Decision for Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery or Oncologic Risk-Reducing Mastectomies in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals.Annals of surgical oncology · 2024Article
- Breast care considerations for transgender and gender-diverse patients.Women's health (London, England)Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPersons assigned female or intersex at birth and identify as transgender and/or gender-diverse (TGD) may undergo gender-affirming chest masculinization surgery (GACMS); however, GACMS is not considered equivalent to risk-reducing mastectomies (RRM). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of elevated breast cancer (BC) risk in TGD persons, compare self-perceived versus calculated risk, and determine how risk impacts the decision for GACMS versus RRM.
methodsA prospective single-arm pilot educational intervention trial was conducted in individuals assigned female or intersex at birth, age ≥ 18 years, considering GACMS, without a BC history or a known pathogenic variant. BC risk was calculated using the Tyrer-Cuzik (all) and Gail models (age ≥ 35 years). Elevated risk was defined as ≥ 17%.
resultsTwenty-five (N = 25) participants were enrolled with a median age of 24.0 years (interquartile range, IQR 20.0-30.0 years). All were assigned female sex at birth, most (84%) were Non-Hispanic (NH)-White, 48% identified as transgender and 40% as nonbinary, and 52% had a first- and/or second-degree family member with BC. Thirteen (52%) had elevated risk (prevalence 95% confidence interval (CI) 31.3-72.2%). Median self-perceived risk was 12% versus 17.5% calculated risk (p = 0.60). Of the 13 with elevated risk, 5 (38.5%) underwent/are scheduled to undergo GACMS, 3 (23%) of whom underwent/are undergoing RRM.
conclusionsOver half of the cohort had elevated risk, and most of those who moved forward with surgery chose to undergo RRM. A BC risk assessment should be performed for TGD persons considering GACMS. Future work is needed to examine BC incidence and collect patient-reported outcomes. Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov (No. NCT06239766).
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