ReviewJACC. Advances2024
Virtual Reality for Pain and Anxiety Management in Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology.
Review in JACC. Advances, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Virtual Reality Distraction for Reducing Pain and Anxiety During Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Do Extended Reality Interventions Benefit Patients Undergoing Elective Cardiac Surgical and Interventional Procedures? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of clinical nursing · 2025Pooled it
- Music therapy integrated virtual reality education for preoperative anxiety in gynecological surgery.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Virtual reality for opioid reduction in postoperative cardiac and thoracic surgery: A randomized controlled trial protocol.MethodsX · 2026Article
- Virtual Reality Reduces Perioperative Anxiety During Cardiac Device Implantation: A Randomized Trial.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Audiovisual Distraction During Mitral Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: A Sedation-Sparing Randomized Trial.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Article
- A virtual reality-based multicomponent intervention program for preventing postoperative delirium in the intensive care unit for cardiac surgery patients: from evidence-based design to a pilot trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Management of Preoperative Anxiety via Virtual Reality Technology: A Systematic Review.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Review
- A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality's Impact on Anxiety During Palliative Care.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Evaluating Virtual Reality Patient Education in Cardiac Surgery: Impact on Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Patient Satisfaction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pain and anxiety are common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and percutaneous cardiac interventions. Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging non-pharmacological tool for pain and anxiety management. However, its application around cardiac procedures remains relatively unexplored. In this review, we perform a targeted non-systematic literature review to assess the current state-of-the-art of VR for pain and anxiety management in patients undergoing cardiac procedures. Contexts of interest were preprocedural, periprocedural, and postprocedural applications. Existing trials show inconsistent results. The majority of studies in the preprocedural (7 studies, n = 302), periprocedural (1 study, n = 99), and postprocedural stage (4 studies, n = 214) demonstrate significant reduction of pain and anxiety through VR distraction therapy or VR patient education. However, larger-scale trials (2 preprocedural studies [n = 233], 1 periprocedural study [n = 32], 2 postprocedural studies [n = 300]) report no effect. Current literature on effectiveness of VR for pain and anxiety management in cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology remains inconclusive.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.