ReviewFrontiers in nutrition2024
Estimating carbon and water footprints associated with commercial milk formula production and use: development and implications of the Green Feeding Climate Action Tool.
Review in Frontiers in nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nurturing People and Planet: Breastfeeding in Climate Mitigation and Adaptation.Frontiers in sustainable food systems · 2026Article
- Gender-just reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in maternity care services through the 'baby- friendly hospital initiative': a scoping review.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Pumps, patriarchy, and profits: the rise of breast pumping and "human milk feeding" and why preserving "breastfeeding" is important.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Validation and factorial invariance of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form in Ecuadorian mothers.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and Water Security.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Infant Formula in the Digital Age: How US Online Formula Marketing Targets Parents.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Economic and environmental impacts of commercial milk formula in Indonesia: estimates and comparisons using the Cost of Not Breastfeeding, Green Feeding, and Mothers' Milk Tools.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carbon offset frameworks like the UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have largely overlooked interventions involving food, health, and care systems, including breastfeeding. The innovative Green Feeding Climate Action Tool (GFT) assesses the environmental impact of commercial milk formula (CMF) use, and advocates for breastfeeding support interventions as legitimate carbon offsets. This paper provides an overview of the GFT's development, key features, and potential uses. The offline and online GFT were developed using the DMADV methodology (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify). The GFT reveals that the production and use of CMF by infants under 6 months results in annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of between 5.9 and 7.5 billion kg CO
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.