ArticleThe Journal of school health2024
Beyond School Climate: Validating the School as a Protective Factor-Brief Survey.
Article in The Journal of school health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors associated with externalized anger among early adolescents in rural Appalachia: A conceptual proposition with implications for violence prevention.Archives of psychiatric nursing · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic, Parental Protective Factors, and Substance Use Onset Among Early Adolescents in Appalachia.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Anger and associated risk and protective factors among rural American adolescents: Implications for violence prevention.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe conceptual framework for School as a Protective Factor approach was presented in a companion article in this issue of the journal. The current article describes the validation of the School as a Protective Factor-Brief (SPF-Brief), a 13-item survey measuring the 3 core constructs and 13 defining characteristics of this framework.
methodsThe SPF-Brief was validated through 2 studies. The developmental study used a longitudinal design including 1349 participants who completed surveys over 5 semesters, while the validation study used a cross-sectional design with 2775 participants. Both studies included middle and high school students. Factor analysis, growth model analysis, criterion-related validation, and outcome analysis were employed.
resultsAnalyses provided strong evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the instrument and conceptual framework. Higher SPF-Brief scores were associated with higher math grades, English grades, and quality of life, as well as lower rates of anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, alcohol, e-cigarette, tobacco, and cannabis use. Effect size estimates ranged from moderate to strong.
conclusionsThese findings suggest the utility of the SPF-Brief instrument and the School as a Protective Factor framework. Together, they may offer advantages to the traditional school climate approach.
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