Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38937791›Full record

ArticleParasites & vectors2024

Association between indoor residual spraying and the malaria burden in Zambia and factors associated with IRS refusals: a case-control study in Vubwi District.

Wan-Xue Zhang, Yiguo Zhou, Elijah Tembo, Juan Du, Shan-Shan Zhang, Ting-Ting Wei, Ya-Qiong Liu, Chao Wang, Reuben Zulu, Busiku Hamainza and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Parasites & vectors, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Wan-Xue Zhang *Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Yiguo Zhou *Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Elijah Tembo *Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Juan DuDepartment of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Shan-Shan ZhangDepartment of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Ting-Ting WeiDepartment of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Ya-Qiong LiuDepartment of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Chao WangDepartment of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
Reuben ZuluNational Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia.
Busiku HamainzaNational Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia.
Fuqiang CuiDepartment of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China. cuifuq@bjmu.edu.cn.
Qing-Bin LuDepartment of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China. qingbinlu@bjmu.edu.cn.

Funding

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation INV-018912Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Peking University Health Science Center BMU2021YJ041Joint Research Fund for Beijing Natural Science Foundation and Haidian Original Innovation L202007Peking University Medicine Fund of Fostering Young Scholars' Scientific & Technological Innovation BMU2021PY005
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIndoor residual spraying (IRS) has been implemented to prevent malaria in Zambia for several decades, but its effectiveness has not been evaluated long term and in Vubwi District yet. This study aimed to assess the association between IRS and the malaria burden in Zambia and Vubwi District and to explore the factors associated with refusing IRS.

methodsA retrospective study was used to analyze the association between IRS and malaria incidence in Zambia in 2001-2020 and in Vubwi District in 2014-2020 by Spearman correlation analysis. A case-control study was used to explore the factors associated with IRS refusals by households in Vubwi District in 2021. A logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with IRS refusals.

resultsThe malaria incidence reached its peak (391/1000) in 2001 and dropped to the lowest (154/1000) in 2019. The annual percentage change in 2001-2003, 2003-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2018 and 2018-2020 was - 6.54%, - 13.24%, 5.04%, - 10.28% and 18.61%, respectively. A significantly negative correlation between the percentage of population protected by the IRS against the total population in Zambia (coverage) and the average malaria incidence in the whole population was observed in 2005-2020 (r = - 0.685, P = 0.003) and 2005-2019 (r = - 0.818, P < 0.001). Among 264 participants (59 in the refuser group and 205 in the acceptor group), participants with specific occupations (self-employed: OR 0.089, 95% CI 0.022-0.364; gold panning: OR 0.113, 95% CI 0.022-0.574; housewives: OR 0.129, 95% CI 0.026-0.628 and farmers: OR 0.135, 95% CI 0.030-0.608 compared to employees) and no malaria case among household members (OR 0.167; 95% CI 0.071-0.394) had a lower risk of refusing IRS implementation, while those with a secondary education level (OR 3.690, 95% CI 1.245-10.989) had a higher risk of refusing IRS implementation compared to those who had never been to school.

conclusionsIncreasing coverage with IRS was associated with decreasing incidence of malaria in Zambia, though this was not observed in Vubwi District, possibly because of the special geographical location of Vubwi District. Interpersonal communication and targeted health education should be implemented at full scale to ensure household awareness and gain community trust.

Indexed as

InsecticidesMalariaMosquito ControlAdolescentAdultAnimalsCase-Control StudiesChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleRetrospective StudiesZambiaInsecticidesCase-control studyIndoor residual sprayingMalariaRetrospective study

Identifiers

PMID38937791
PMCPMC11210042

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.