ArticleInfection2024
Epidemiology and risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with different causes of immunosuppression.
Article in Infection, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza: A Danish nationwide cohort study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- The role of cancer and immunosuppression in pneumocystis pneumonia: a large comprehensive population-based study.Infection · 2026Article
- Prediction hospital mortality for critical illness lung cancer patients with pneumonia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Resistance to Lefamulin: An Evaluation of Data from In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Studies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Detection of adverse event signals associated with key immunosuppressants for autoimmune hepatitis: insights from the food and drug administration adverse event reporting system database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- How to identify respiratory pathogens in primary health care - a review on the benefits, prospects and pitfalls in using point of care tests.Infection · 2025Review
- The need of preexposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients- an assessment from Germany.Infection · 2025Article
- Association between neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio and mortality in patients with community acquired pneumonia receiving systemic glucocorticoids: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Identification of subtypes and construction of a predictive model for novel subtypes in severe community-acquired pneumonia based on clinical metagenomics: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with multiple as opposed to single pathogens detected on the gastrointestinal disease polymerase chain reaction assay.Gut pathogens · 2024Article
- From treatment to threat: the fatal impact of cumulative glucocorticoid dosage on outcomes in immunocompromised patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Therapeutic advances in respiratory diseaseArticle
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Immunosuppression constitutes a significant risk for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Nevertheless, specific causes of immunosuppression and their relevance for incidence, etiology and prognosis of CAP are insufficiently investigated.We conducted a population-based cohort study within a statutory health insurance in Germany from 2015 to 2018. CAP was retrieved by ICD-10-GM codes. Episodes of immunosuppression were identified by coded conditions (hematologic neoplasms, stem cell or organ transplantation, neutropenia, HIV, primary immunosuppressive syndromes) or treatments (immunosuppressants, antineoplastic drugs, systemic steroids). Endpoints were defined as occurrence of CAP (primary), hospitalization, 30-day mortality and CAP associated with rare pathogens. Our analysis utilized the Andersen-Gill model adjusted for sex, age, level of long-term care, vaccination status, community type and comorbidities.942,008 individuals with 54,781 CAPs were included (hospitalization 55%, 30-day mortality 14.5%). 6% of individuals showed at least one episode of immunosuppression during the study period with systemic steroids (39.8%) and hematologic neoplasms (26.7%) being most common. Immunosuppression was recorded in 7.7% of CAPs. Besides classical risk factors such as age and level of long-term care, immunosuppressed patients were most prone to CAP (HR 2.4[2.3-2.5]) and consecutive death (HR 1.9[1.8-2.1]). Organ and stem cell transplantation (HR 3.2[2.6-4.0] and 2.8[2.1-3.7], respectively), HIV (HR 3.2[1.9-5.4]) and systemic steroids (> 20 mg prednisone daily dose equivalent (HR 2.7[2.4-3.1])) showed the highest risk for contracting CAP. CAP by rare pathogens was strongly associated with immunosuppression (HR 17.1[12.0-24.5]), especially HIV (HR 34.1[7.6-153]) and systemic steroids (HR 8.2[4.6-14.8]).Our study elucidates the relevance of particular immunosuppressive conditions including systemic steroids for occurrence and prognosis of CAP.
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