ReviewInflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]2024
Dissection of pro-tumoral macrophage subtypes and immunosuppressive cells participating in M2 polarization.
Review in Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.], 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway and Fatty Acid β-Oxidative Imbalance: A Key Mechanism by Which Abnormal Macrophage Lipophagy Promotes Atherosclerosis in Diabetes.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Review
- MYBL2 promotes malignant phenotypes and M2-like macrophage polarization through CCL2 in non-small cell lung cancer.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Macrophage heterogeneity in organ fibrosis in the era of single-cell omics.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- CD40 agonism in renal cell carcinoma enhances immune checkpoint activity through myeloid cells.iScience · 2026Article
- CD86 in Dendritic Cell-Mediated Cancer Immunity: From Maturation Marker to Functional Regulator.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Engineering Oncolytic Virus-Armed Macrophages for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Transcription factors remodel tumor immune microenvironment by impacting multiple immune cells.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Mannosylated graphene oxide nanotherapeutics co-delivering docetaxel and a STING agonist reprogram myeloid cells and potentiate antitumor immunity.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- ZG16 represses tumor progression and M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting ubiquitination and degradation of SNX9 via binding to ITCH.Hepatology international · 2026Article
- Dynamic remodeling of amino acid metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages: Fueling immunosuppression, reshaping tumor niches, and unlocking metabolic checkpoints.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Advances in the study of macrophage polarization in intervertebral disc degeneration.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Review
- Targeting Inflammation and Immune Regulation in Chronic Inflammation Associated Cancers.Cancer science · 2026Review
- Review
- TNFAIP3 in M2 Macrophage Attenuates Subretinal Fibrosis in Laser-Induced Murine Model.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages as key orchestrators of gastric cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Optimizing next-generation CAR-macrophages against solid tumors: challenges and potential strategies.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Exploring the Immune Microenvironment in Early-Stage Mycosis Fungoides and Large-Plaque Parapsoriasis: Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of CD47, CD163, and B7-H3.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Immunological mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies for sepsis‑associated acute kidney injury (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line as a metabolomic model for analyzing and understanding inflammation processes.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophage (M2) polarization can result in one of four subtypes based on cytokines and signaling pathways associated with macrophage activation: M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d macrophages. The majority of M2 subtypes are anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic, secreting growth factors (VEGF, PDGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9) which boost tumor growth, metastasis, and invasion. M2-polarized macrophages are associated with immune suppressor cells harboring Myeloid derived suppressor cells, Regulatory T cells (Tregs), Regulatory B cells as well as alternatively activated (N2) neutrophils. Treg cells selectively support the metabolic stability, mitochondrial integrity, and survival rate of M2-like TAMs in an indirect environment. Also, the contribution of Breg cells influences macrophage polarization towards the M2 direction. TAM is activated when TAN levels in the tumor microenvironment are insufficient or vice versa, suggesting that macrophage and its polarization are fine-tuned. Understanding the functions of immune suppressive cells, mediators, and signaling pathways involved with M2 polarization will allow us to identify potential strategies for targeting the TAM repolarization phenotype for innovative immunotherapy approaches. In this review, we have highlighted the critical factors for M2 macrophage polarization, differential cytokine/chemokine profiles of M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes, and other immune cells' impact on the polarization within the immunosuppressive niche.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.