Unravelling the Homology between Calycine Glands in Malpighiales: New Data from Basal Malpighiaceae.

Discussing homology relationships among secretory structures remains a relatively underexplored area in botanical research. These structures are widely dispersed within Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of eudicots. Within Malpighiales, both extranuptial and nuptial nectaries are present, and they do not seem homoplastic or share evolutionary connections. Particularly in Malpighiaceae, extensive research has focused on the ecological interactions mediated by glands. Botanists largely agree that elaiophores in sepals of Neotropical Malpighiaceae have evolved from extrafloral nectaries on leaves. However, the evolutionary origin of elaiophores has yet to be thoroughly examined, particularly in comparison to outgroups. This study provides empirical evidence on the ontogeny of elaiophores and investigates their evolutionary origins and homology relationships across different lineages of Malpighiales using comparative anatomy. Our findings suggest that elaiophores are likely homologous to extranuptial nectaries found in sepals of other Malpighiales lineages, originating from nectaries on leaves. This discussion is a starting point for future studies exploring the evolution of nectaries found in flowers, whether extranuptial or nuptial, and their potential origins from nectaries in vegetative organs such as leaves. Understanding these relationships could shed light on the selective pressures influencing floral morphologies.