ArticleBMC cancer2024
Prognostic Role of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Article in BMC cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunological Microenvironment Diversity in Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Oral Leukoplakia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immunohistochemical evaluation of glutaminase-1 enzyme in oral squamous cell carcinoma.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Chorus line in oral squamous cell carcinoma: How stromal and immune players orchestrate tumor progression (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Can oral squamous cell carcinoma xenografts tumors mirror the original tumor microenvironment? An immunohistochemical analysis.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Proposed modified Brandwein-Gensler histological risk assessment score as prognosticator in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal · 2026Observational
- Evaluation of CD3 and CD20 Lymphocytes and Mast Cells in the Microenvironment of Central Giant Cell Granuloma, Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma, and Giant Cell Tumor of Bone.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Omics Sciences in Dentistry: A Narrative Review on Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications for Prevalent Oral Diseases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- To develop prognostic markers related to drug resistance in pancreatic cancer patients based on multiple machine learning methods.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Impact of oral anaerobic bacteria on the tumor immune microenvironment and prognosis of oral cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Unique clinical features and prognostic risk factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients under 30 years old.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
- The role of lipids and lipids lowering drugs in human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-associated cancers.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Review
- Impact of CD68, CD4, TNF-α, and COX-2 expression on disease-specific survival in Brazilian patients with OSCC.Brazilian oral research · 2025Article
- Expression profile of miR-99a and miR-218 across oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFPArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system is a significant factor that influences prognosis and treatment decisions for OSCC patients. Unfortunately, TNM staging does not consistently predict patient prognosis and patients with identical clinicopathological characteristics may have vastly different survival outcomes. Host immunity plays an important role in tumor progression but is not included in the TNM staging system. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are part of the host immune response that recognizes tumor cells; and the presence of TILs has emerged as potential candidates for prognostic markers for many types of cancers. The present study aims to determine the association of T cell-specific markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3) with clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in OSCC patients. The prognostic value of CD3, CD4, and CD8 will also be evaluated based on tumor stage.
methodsTissue microarrays were constructed containing 231 OSCC cases and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for the expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3. The expression scores for each marker were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcomes. The prognostic impact of CD3, CD4 and CD8 were further analyzed based on tumor stage (early or advanced).
resultsCD3, CD4, and CD8 were found to be significantly associated with both overall survival and progression-free survival using univariate analysis. However, none of these markers were found to independently predict the survival outcomes of OSCC using multivariate analysis. Only conventional factors such as nodal status, tumor differentiation and perineural invasion (PNI) were independent predictors of survival outcomes, with nodal status being the strongest independent predictor. Additionally, low CD4 (but not CD3 or CD8) expression was found to identify early-stage OSCC patients with exceptionally poor prognosis which was similar to that of advanced staged OSCC patients.
conclusionsTIL markers such as CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3 can predict the survival outcomes of OSCC patients, but do not serve as independent prognostic markers as found with conventional factors (i.e. nodal status, tumor differentiation and PNI). CD4 expression may assist with risk stratification in early-stage OSCC patients which may influence treatment planning and decision making for early-stage OSCC patients.
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