Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38926578›Full record

ArticleNature2024

Megastudy shows that reminders boost vaccination but adding free rides does not.

Katherine L Milkman, Sean F Ellis, Dena M Gromet, Youngwoo Jung, Alex S Luscher, Rayyan S Mobarak, Madeline K Paxson, Ramon A Silvera Zumaran, Robert Kuan, Ron Berman and 9 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Payment integrity in government programs: Takeaways from incorporating the behavioral sciences in US federal evaluations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Regret in the United States.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Interventions to bolster benefits take-up: Assessing intensity, framing, and targeting of government outreach.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Behavioral nudges prevent loan delinquencies at scale: A 13-million-person field experiment.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Katherine L MilkmanDepartment of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. kmilkman@wharton.upenn.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-9706-4830
Sean F EllisBehavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School and the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6099-0999
Dena M GrometBehavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School and the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9153-7193
Youngwoo JungBehavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School and the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0009-0002-9621-6676
Alex S LuscherBehavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School and the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-1077-4020
Rayyan S MobarakDepartment of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0452-965X
Madeline K PaxsonBehavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School and the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-5327-4958
Ramon A Silvera ZumaranBehavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School and the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-1239-320X
Robert KuanDepartment of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5686-1289
Ron BermanDepartment of Marketing, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8594-3627
Neil A LewisDepartment of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
John A ListDepartment of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1740-3848
Mitesh S PatelClinical Transformation and Behavioral Insights, Ascension Health, St Louis, MO, USA.
Christophe Van den BulteDepartment of Marketing, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9708-1596
Kevin G VolppPenn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Departments of Medical Ethics and Health Policy and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Maryann V BeauvaisCVS Health, Woonsocket, RI, USA.
Jonathon K BellowsCVS Health, Woonsocket, RI, USA.
Cheryl A MarandolaCVS Health, Woonsocket, RI, USA.
Angela L DuckworthDepartment of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2644-3729

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Encouraging routine COVID-19 vaccinations is likely to be a crucial policy challenge for decades to come. To avert hundreds of thousands of unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths, adoption will need to be higher than it was in the autumn of 2022 or 2023, when less than one-fifth of Americans received booster vaccines

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesImmunization, SecondaryReminder SystemsTransportationVaccinationAdultEvidence-Based PracticeFemaleHealth EducationHealth PolicyHumansInfluenza VaccinesMaleMiddle AgedPharmaciesCOVID-19 VaccinesInfluenza Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID38926578
PMCPMC11222156

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.