ArticleThe Plant cell2024
Bioengineering secreted proteases converts divergent Rcr3 orthologs and paralogs into extracellular immune co-receptors.
Article in The Plant cell, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Apoplast Engineering Unveiled: Multi-Target Strategies to Disarm Pathogens and Elevate Global Food Security.Plant, cell & environment · 2026Review
- From recognition to proteolytic control: NLRs and metacaspases in plant antiviral immunity.Journal of integrative plant biology · 2026Review
- Hacking the immune system: plant immune protease engineering for crop protection.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Review
- Silenced cutters: mechanisms and effects of protease inhibition in plant-pathogen interactions.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Review
- Oxygen sensing and plant adaptation to flooding in a changing climate.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Learning the language of plant immunity: opportunities and challenges for AI-assisted modelling of fungal effector x host protein complexes.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Review
- Article
- Focus on proteolysis.The Plant cell · 2024Article
- Recreating or Rcr3ating? Bioengineering homologs of the Rcr3 protease to activate plant immunity.The Plant cell · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Secreted immune proteases "Required for Cladosporium resistance-3" (Rcr3) and "Phytophthora-inhibited protease-1" (Pip1) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are both inhibited by Avirulence-2 (Avr2) from the fungal plant pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. However, only Rcr3 acts as a decoy co-receptor that detects Avr2 in the presence of the Cf-2 immune receptor. Here, we identified crucial residues in tomato Rcr3 that are required for Cf-2-mediated signaling and bioengineered various proteases to trigger Avr2/Cf-2-dependent immunity. Despite substantial divergence in Rcr3 orthologs from eggplant (Solanum melongena) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), minimal alterations were sufficient to trigger Avr2/Cf-2-mediated immune signaling. By contrast, tomato Pip1 was bioengineered with 16 Rcr3-specific residues to initiate Avr2/Cf-2-triggered immune signaling. These residues cluster on one side of the protein next to the substrate-binding groove, indicating a potential Cf-2 interaction site. Our findings also revealed that Rcr3 and Pip1 have distinct substrate preferences determined by two variant residues and that both are suboptimal for binding Avr2. This study advances our understanding of Avr2 perception and opens avenues to bioengineer proteases to broaden pathogen recognition in other crops.
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