ReviewToxins2024
Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Macrophage Toxicity and Therapeutic Strategies in Uremic Atherosclerosis.
Review in Toxins, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Trained Immunity as a Mechanistic Bridge Between Uremic Toxins, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Mineral and Bone Disease in CKD and Kidney Transplantation: Controversies, Gaps, and a Path Forward.Kidney international reports · 2026Review
- Targeting Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Toxins · 2026Review
- Review
- Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as immune modulators in aging and age-related chronic inflammatory diseases.Ageing research reviews · 2026Review
- The Role and Mechanism of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Vascular Calcification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The role of gut dysbiosis in endocrine and metabolic derangements of chronic kidney disease: mechanisms, controversies, and future perspectives.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Blood metabolites mediate causal inference studies on the effect of gut microbiota on the risk of vascular calcification.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Calcimimetics and CaSR signaling in CKD-MBD: bone-immune-vascular crosstalk and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in cardiovascular diseases: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Harnessing the gut microbiome for precision therapeutics in heart failure.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate with stroke risk in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: an integrated analysis of national and hospital cohorts.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Serum Indoxyl Sulfate as a Potential Biomarker of Aortic Stiffness in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- The Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Culprits in Chronic Kidney Disease: Mineral Imbalance and Uremic Toxin Accumulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Hemodialysis employing molecular hydrogen (HScientific reports · 2025Article
- Vascular inflammation in chronic kidney disease: the role of uremic toxins in macrophage activation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Inflammation-Induced Klotho Deficiency: A Possible Key Driver of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression.International journal of general medicine · 2025Review
- Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio: A Metabolic-Inflammatory Signature for Mortality Prediction in a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort of 1249 Dialysis Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) frequently occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those undergoing dialysis. The mechanisms behind this may be related to traditional risk factors and CKD-specific factors that accelerate atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in CKD patients. The accumulation of uremic toxins is a significant factor in CKD-related systemic disorders. Basic research suggests that indoxyl sulfate (IS), a small protein-bound uremic toxin, is associated with macrophage dysfunctions, including increased oxidative stress, exacerbation of chronic inflammation, and abnormalities in lipid metabolism. Strategies to mitigate the toxicity of IS include optimizing gut microbiota, intervening against the abnormality of intracellular signal transduction, and using blood purification therapy with higher efficiency. Further research is needed to examine whether lowering protein-bound uremic toxins through intervention leads to a reduction in CVD in patients with CKD.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.