ArticlePloS one2024
Comprehensive profiling of social mixing patterns in resource poor countries: A mixed methods research protocol.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Temporal Connectivity of Social Contact Networks in Urban and Rural India.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Implications for distancing measures on in-person school and work attendance from Italian post-pandemic social contact data.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Characterizing social behavior relevant for tuberculosis transmission in four low- and middle-income countries.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Characterizing social behavior relevant for infectious disease transmission in four low- and middle-income countries, 2021-2023.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Characterizing social behavior relevant for tuberculosis transmission in four low- and middle-income countries.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Comparison of contact diaries and wearable proximity sensors in measuring household contacts in low- and middle-income countries.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Social Contact Patterns in Rural and Urban Settings, Mozambique, 2021-2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundLow-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionate burden of communicable diseases. Social interaction data inform infectious disease models and disease prevention strategies. The variations in demographics and contact patterns across ages, cultures, and locations significantly impact infectious disease dynamics and pathogen transmission. LMICs lack sufficient social interaction data for infectious disease modeling.
methodsTo address this gap, we will collect qualitative and quantitative data from eight study sites (encompassing both rural and urban settings) across Guatemala, India, Pakistan, and Mozambique. We will conduct focus group discussions and cognitive interviews to assess the feasibility and acceptability of our data collection tools at each site. Thematic and rapid analyses will help to identify key themes and categories through coding, guiding the design of quantitative data collection tools (enrollment survey, contact diaries, exit survey, and wearable proximity sensors) and the implementation of study procedures. We will create three age-specific contact matrices (physical, nonphysical, and both) at each study site using data from standardized contact diaries to characterize the patterns of social mixing. Regression analysis will be conducted to identify key drivers of contacts. We will comprehensively profile the frequency, duration, and intensity of infants' interactions with household members using high resolution data from the proximity sensors and calculating infants' proximity score (fraction of time spent by each household member in proximity with the infant, over the total infant contact time) for each household member. DISCUSSION: Our qualitative data yielded insights into the perceptions and acceptability of contact diaries and wearable proximity sensors for collecting social mixing data in LMICs. The quantitative data will allow a more accurate representation of human interactions that lead to the transmission of pathogens through close contact in LMICs. Our findings will provide more appropriate social mixing data for parameterizing mathematical models of LMIC populations. Our study tools could be adapted for other studies.
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