Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38912390›Full record

ArticleEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)2023

Association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States, 2015-2021.

Ellen Martinson, Howard H Chang, Rohan R D'Souza, Stefanie Ebelt, Noah Scovronick

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ellen MartinsonGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
Howard H ChangGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
Rohan R D'SouzaDepartment of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
Stefanie EbeltGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
Noah ScovronickGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Here, we investigate the association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States between 2015 and 2021. Methods: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study. Data on fatal police shootings were from the Washington Post's Fatal Force database and temperature data were from Daymet. Results: A 5°C increase in maximum same-day temperature was associated with a 1.033 (95% CI = 1.002, 1.065) increased odds of a fatal police shooting. In stratified analyses, the strongest associations were observed in victims who were armed (OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.017, 1.088), White (OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.006, 1.100), or aged 45+ (OR, 1.110 [95% CI = 1.044, 1.181]). In additional subgroup analyses, relative risks were also generally higher among those who were armed. Conclusions: There is evidence of an association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States, particularly when the victims were reported as armed. This study cannot determine if the associations are a result of any specific causes (e.g., increased police aggression or other factors).

Identifiers

PMID38912390
PMCPMC11189680

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.